Ukuqonda Izikhala Zombala Ezithombeni: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele we-RGB, CMYK, LAB, HSL nokuningi

Ukuqonda Izikhala Zombala Ezithombeni Zedijithali

Hlola umhlahlandlela ophelele wamamodeli emibala, izikhala zemibala, nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithombeni, ekudizayineni, nasekufanekisweni kwedijithali. Ukuphathwa kombala okuyinhloko ukuze uthole imiphumela ephelele kuwo wonke amadivayisi.

I-RGB ne-CMYK
I-HSL ne-HSV
I-LAB ne-XYZ
I-YCbCr ne-YUV
Qhathanisa Izikhala Zombala Imihlahlandlela Ewusizo

Umhlahlandlela ophelele wezikhala zemibala

Izikhala zemibala amamodeli ezibalo asivumela ukuthi simele futhi sichaze imibala ngendlela ehlelekile. Ukuqonda izindawo ezinemibala kubalulekile kubathwebuli bezithombe, abaklami, abahleli bevidiyo, nanoma ubani osebenza ngezithombe zedijithali. Lo mhlahlandlela obanzi uhlanganisa yonke into kusukela emibonweni eyisisekelo kuya kumasu athuthukile okuphatha imibala.

Kungani Izikhala Zombala Zibalulekile

Izikhala zemibala zichaza ukuthi imibala ikhiqizwa kanjani kabusha kumadivayisi ahlukene nakumidiya. Zinquma ububanzi bemibala (i-gamut) engaboniswa noma iphrintwe, okuthinta ukunemba nokudlidliza kwezithombe zakho. Ngaphandle kokuphathwa okufanele kwesikhala sombala, okubonakalayo kwakho okuklanywe ngokucophelela kungase kubonakale ngendlela ehlukile kunalokho okuhlosiwe uma kubhekwa kuzikrini ezihlukene noma izinto eziphrintiwe.

Umhlaba wedijithali uncike ekuxhumaneni kwemibala okunembayo. Uma uthatha isithombe, uhlela isithombe, noma uklama iwebhusayithi, usebenza ngaphakathi kwezikhala zemibala ezithile ezichaza ukuthi imiphi imibala etholakalayo kuwe nokuthi imelelwa kanjani ngokwezibalo. Lezi zikhala ezimibalabala zisebenza njengolimi lomhlaba wonke oluqinisekisa ukuthi okubomvu kwakho kubomvu okufanayo esikrinini somunye umuntu noma ekuphrintiwe.

  • Iqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kombala okungaguquki kuwo wonke amadivayisi
  • Khulisa ububanzi bombala obutholakalayo kumaphakathi wakho
  • Ivimbela ukushintsha kombala phakathi nokuguqulwa kwefomethi
  • Ibalulekile ekuphumeni kwekhwalithi yochwepheshe
  • Kusemqoka ukungaguquguquki komkhiqizo kuyo yonke imidiya yedijithali nokuphrinta

Ukuqonda Amamodeli Emibala Nezikhala

Amamodeli Ombala vs. Izikhala Zombala

Nakuba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana, amamodeli ombala nezikhala zemibala yimiqondo ehlukene. Imodeli yombala iwuhlaka lwethiyori lokumela imibala (njenge-RGB noma i-CMYK), kuyilapho isikhala sombala siwukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwemodeli yombala enamapharamitha achaziwe (njenge-sRGB noma i-Adobe RGB).

Cabanga ngemodeli yombala njengendlela evamile yokuchaza imibala, njengokuthi “hlanganisa okubomvu, okuluhlaza okotshani, nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze udale imibala.” Isikhala sombala sihlinzeka ngemithetho ethile: kahle-hle ukuthi imuphi umthunzi obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okufanele usetshenziswe, kanye nendlela eqondile yokuyixuba ukuze uthole imiphumela engaguquki.

  • Amamodeli ombala achaza uhlaka lokumelwa kombala
  • Izikhala zombala zicacisa amapharamitha aqondile ngaphakathi kwemodeli
  • Izikhala zemibala eminingi zingaba khona ngaphakathi kwemodeli eyodwa
  • Izikhala zemibala zinemingcele echaziwe kanye nezibalo zokuguqulwa

Isengezo vs. Umbala Okhiphayo

Amamodeli ombala ahlukaniswa njengezengezo noma ezikhiphayo, kuye ngokuthi ziyidala kanjani imibala. Amamodeli engeziwe (njenge-RGB) ahlanganisa ukukhanya ukuze akhe imibala, kuyilapho amamodeli akhiphayo (njenge-CMYK) asebenza ngokumunca ubude bamaza okukhanya.

Umehluko oyisisekelo usezindaweni zawo zokuqala: umbala ongeziwe uqala ngobumnyama (akukho kukhanya) futhi wengeza ukukhanya okunombala ukuze udale ukukhanya, ufinyelele kube mhlophe lapho yonke imibala ihlanganiswa ngokuqina okugcwele. Umbala okhiphayo uqala ngomhlophe (njengekhasi elingenalutho) bese wengeza oyinki abakhipha (abamunca) ubude beza obuthile, bufike bube mnyama lapho yonke imibala ihlanganiswa ngokuqina okugcwele.

  • Isengezo: I-RGB (izikrini, izibonisi zedijithali)
  • I-subtractive: CMYK (ukuphrinta, imidiya ebonakalayo)
  • Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene zidinga izindlela ezahlukene
  • Ukuguqulwa kombala phakathi kwezinhlelo ezingezayo nezisusayo kudinga ukuguqulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi

I-Gamut Yombala kanye Nokujula Kwebhithi

I-gamut yesikhala sombala isho ububanzi bemibala engayimelela. Ukujula kancane kunquma ukuthi mingaki imibala ehlukile engamelwa kuleyo gamut. Ndawonye, ​​lezi zici zichaza amakhono esikhala sombala.

Cabanga nge-gamut njengephalethi yemibala etholakalayo, nokujula kancane ngokuthi leyo mibala ingaxutshwa kahle kangakanani. I-gamut ekhawulelwe ingase ishode ngemibala ethile egqamile ngokuphelele, kuyilapho ukujula okuncane okwanele kudala ibhande elibonakalayo kuma-gradient esikhundleni soshintsho olubushelelezi. Umsebenzi wochwepheshe ngokuvamile udinga kokubili i-gamut ebanzi nokujula kwebhithi ephezulu ukuze uthwebule futhi ubonise uhla olugcwele lolwazi olubonakalayo.

  • Ama-gamut abanzi angamela imibala egqamile
  • Ukujula okuphezulu kuvumela ama-gradient ashelelezi
  • 8-bit = amazinga angu-256 isiteshi ngasinye (imibala eyizigidi ezingu-16.7)
  • 16-bit = amazinga angu-65,536 ngesiteshi ngasinye (izigidigidi zemibala)
  • Umsebenzi wobungcweti uvamise ukudinga izikhala ze-gamut ezibanzi ezinokujula okuphezulu

Izikhala Zombala we-RGB Zichaziwe

Imodeli Yombala we-RGB

I-RGB (Okubomvu, Okuhlaza, Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) imodeli yombala ongeziwe lapho ukukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza, nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhlanganiswe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kukhiqizwe uhlu olubanzi lwemibala. Kuyisisekelo sokuboniswa kwedijithali, kusukela kuma-smartphones kuya kumamonitha amakhompyutha namathelevishini.

Kumodeli ye-RGB, isiteshi sombala ngasinye ngokuvamile sisebenzisa amabhithi angu-8, okuvumela amazinga angu-256 isiteshi ngasinye. Lokhu kudala ukujula kombala okuvamile okungu-24-bit (amabhithi angu-8 × amashaneli angu-3), okukwazi ukumela cishe imibala eyizigidi ezingu-16.7. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezichwepheshile zivame ukusebenzisa i-10-bit (imibala engaphezu kwebhiliyoni engu-1) noma i-16-bit (ngaphezu kwemibala eyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-281) ukuze uthole ukuhlukaniswa kombala okunembe kakhudlwana.

I-RGB isuselwe ekuphenduleni kwesistimu yokubuka yomuntu ekukhanyeni, imibala emithathu eyinhloko icishe ifane nezinhlobo ezintathu zama-receptors ombala (ama-cones) emehlweni ethu. Lokhu kuyenza ifanele ngokwemvelo ukubonisa okuqukethwe kwedijithali, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi izikhala ezihlukene zemibala ye-RGB zingahluka kakhulu ebangeni nezici zazo.

I-sRGB (I-RGB Ejwayelekile)

Ithuthukiswe yi-HP kanye ne-Microsoft ngo-1996, i-sRGB iyindawo evame kakhulu yombala esetshenziswa ekuthwebuleni kwedijithali, iziqaphi, kanye newebhu. Imboza cishe u-35% we-spectrum yombala ebonakalayo futhi iklanyelwe ukufanisa izinto ezijwayelekile zokubonisa ikhaya nehhovisi.

Naphezu kwe-gamut yayo elinganiselwe, i-sRGB ihlala iyindinganiso yokuqukethwe kwewebhu nokuthatha izithombe kwabathengi ngenxa yokuhambisana kwayo kwendawo yonke. Amadivayisi amaningi akalwa ukuze abonise i-sRGB ngendlela efanele ngokuzenzakalela, okuyenza ibe inketho ephephe kakhulu uma ufuna imibala engaguquki ezikrinini ezihlukene ngaphandle kokuphathwa kombala.

Isikhala sombala we-sRGB saklanywa ngamabomu nge-gamut encane ukufanisa amakhono abaqaphi be-CRT kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Lo mkhawulo uqhubekile wangena ohlelweni lwewebhu lwesimanje, nakuba amazinga amasha ayamukelwa eduze nawo.

  • Isikhala sombala esizenzakalelayo sokuqukethwe okuningi kwedijithali
  • Iqinisekisa ukubukeka okufanayo kuwo wonke amadivayisi
  • Ilungele okuqukethwe okusekelwe kuwebhu nokuthatha izithombe okuvamile
  • Isetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo kumakhamera amaningi abathengi nama-smartphone
  • Inevelu ye-gamma ecishe ibe ngu-2.2

I-Adobe RGB (1998)

Ithuthukiswe i-Adobe Systems, i-Adobe RGB inikeza igamut ebanzi kune-sRGB, emboza cishe u-50% wombala obonakalayo. Yakhelwe ngokuqondile ukuhlanganisa imibala eminingi efinyeleleka kumaphrinta ombala we-CMYK, iyenze ibe wusizo ekusebenzeni kokuphrinta kokukhiqiza.

I-gamut enwetshiwe ye-Adobe RGB ibonakala ikakhulukazi ngama-cyan-green hues, avame ukuncishiswa nge-sRGB. Lokhu kuyenza idume phakathi kwabathwebuli bezithombe nabaklami abadinga ukulondoloza imibala egqamile, ikakhulukazi kokuphumayo okuphrintiwe.

Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-Adobe RGB yikhono layo lokumela uhla olubanzi lwemibala egcwele endaweni eluhlaza okotshani, okubalulekile ekuthathweni kwezithombe zezwe nezihloko zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, le nzuzo ibonakala kuphela lapho konke ukuhamba komsebenzi (ukuthwebula, ukuhlela, nokuphumayo) kusekela isikhala sombala se-Adobe RGB.

  • I-gamut ebanzi kune-sRGB, ikakhulukazi eluhlaza kanye nama-cyans
  • Kungcono ekusebenzeni kokuphrinta kokukhiqiza
  • Kukhethwa abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi abangochwepheshe
  • Itholakala njengenketho yokuthwebula kumakhamera asezingeni eliphezulu
  • Idinga ukuphathwa kombala ukuze kuboniswe ngendlela efanele

I-ProPhoto RGB

Ithuthukiswe i-Kodak, i-ProPhoto RGB (ephinde yaziwe ngokuthi i-ROMM RGB) ingenye yezikhala ezinkulu zemibala ye-RGB, ehlanganisa cishe u-90% wemibala ebonakalayo. Idlulela ngalé kobubanzi bokubona komuntu kwezinye izindawo, ukuyivumela ukuthi igcine cishe yonke imibala ikhamera engayithwebula.

Ngenxa ye-gamut yayo enkulu, i-ProPhoto RGB idinga ukujula okuncane okuphezulu (i-16-bit ngesiteshi esikhundleni sika-8-bit) ukuze igweme ukuhlanganisa ama-gradient. Isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekuhambeni komsebenzi wokuthwebula izithombe, ikakhulukazi ngezinjongo zokugcinwa kwengobo yomlando nokuphrinta okusezingeni eliphezulu.

I-ProPhoto RGB iyindawo yokusebenza ejwayelekile ku-Adobe Lightroom futhi ivamise ukutuswa ukuze kugcinwe ulwazi oluningi lombala phakathi nenqubo yokuthuthukisa eluhlaza. Mkhulu kangangokuthi eminye imibala yawo “inguyazicabangela” (ngaphandle kombono womuntu), kodwa lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ayikho imibala ethwetshulwe yikhamera enqunyiwe ngesikhathi sokuhlela.

  • I-gamut ebanzi kakhulu ehlanganisa imibala ebonakalayo kakhulu
  • Ilondoloza imibala ethwetshulwe amakhamera asezingeni eliphezulu
  • Idinga ukuhamba komsebenzi okungu-16-bit ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlanganisa
  • Indawo yokusebenza ezenzakalelayo ku-Adobe Lightroom
  • Ayiwafanele amafomethi okugcina okulethwa ngaphandle kokuguqulwa

Isibonisi se-P3

Ithuthukiswe i-Apple, i-Display P3 isuselwe esikhaleni sombala se-DCI-P3 esisetshenziswa kusinema yedijithali. Ihlinzeka ngombala ocishe ube ngu-25% ngaphezulu kune-sRGB, ikakhulukazi kokubomvu nokuluhlaza, okwenza izithombe zibonakale zinempilo futhi zifana nempilo.

I-Display P3 isithole ukuthandwa okukhulu njengoba isekelwa ngamadivayisi we-Apple, okuhlanganisa ama-iPhones, ama-iPads, nama-Mac anezibonisi ze-wide-gamut. Imele indawo ephakathi phakathi kwe-sRGB nezikhala ezibanzi njenge-Adobe RGB, enikeza imibala ethuthukisiwe kuyilapho igcina ukuhambisana okunengqondo.

Isikhala sombala se-P3 saqale senzelwe ukuqagela kwe-cinema yedijithali (DCI-P3), kodwa i-Apple yasiguqulela kubuchwepheshe bokubonisa ngokusebenzisa iphoyinti elimhlophe le-D65 (elifana ne-sRGB) esikhundleni sephoyinti elimhlophe le-DCI. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezixubile ngenkathi isahlinzeka ngemibala egqamile kakhulu kune-sRGB.

  • I-gamut ebanzi enokufakwa okuhle kakhulu kokubomvu nokuhlaza
  • Itholakala kwizibonisi ze-Apple’s Retina namadivayisi eselula
  • Ukwesekwa okukhulayo kuzo zonke izinkundla zedijithali
  • Isebenzisa iphuzu elimhlophe elifanayo (D65) njenge-sRGB
  • Iya ngokuya ibalulekile kuwebhu yesimanje kanye nedizayini yohlelo lokusebenza

Rec.2020 (BT.2020)

Ithuthukiselwe umabonakude we-ultra-high-definition (UHDTV), i-Rec.2020 ihlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-75% wemibala ebonakalayo. Yinkulu kakhulu kunakho kokubili i-sRGB ne-Adobe RGB, ihlinzeka ngokukhiqizwa kabusha kombala okukhethekile kokuqukethwe okungu-4K no-8K.

Nakuba izibonisi ezimbalwa okwamanje zingakhiqiza kabusha i-gamut ephelele ye-Rec.2020, isebenza njengezinga elibheke phambili lokukhiqizwa kwamavidiyo asezingeni eliphezulu nokuba yinhloko. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa buthuthuka, amadivayisi amaningi asondela kulesi sikhala sombala esibanzi.

I-Rec.2020 iyingxenye yezinga lamazwe ngamazwe le-Ultra HDTV futhi isetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nobuchwepheshe be-High Dynamic Range (HDR) obufana ne-HDR10 ne-Dolby Vision. I-gamut yayo ebanzi kakhulu isebenzisa imibala eyinhloko ye-monochromatic (467nm eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, 532nm eluhlaza, kanye no-630nm obomvu) eseduze komkhawulo we-spectrum ebonakalayo, eyivumela ukuthi ihlanganise cishe yonke imibala abantu abangayibona.

  • I-gamut ebanzi kakhulu yokuqukethwe kwe-ultra-high-definition
  • Izinga lobufakazi besikhathi esizayo lobuchwepheshe bokuboniswa obuvelayo
  • Isetshenziswa ekusebenzeni kokukhiqiza kwevidiyo okuphrofeshinali
  • Ingxenye ye-HDR ecosystem yevidiyo yesizukulwane esilandelayo
  • Okwamanje azikho izibonisi ezingakhiqiza kabusha i-gamut ye-Rec.2020 egcwele

Izikhala Zombala ze-CMYK kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kokuphrinta

Imodeli Yombala we-CMYK

I-CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key/Black) imodeli yombala ekhiphayo esetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ekunyatheliseni. Ngokungafani ne-RGB, enezela ukukhanya ukuze idale imibala, i-CMYK isebenza ngokumunca (ukukhipha) ubude beza obuthile ekukhanyeni okumhlophe, isebenzisa oyinki ephepheni noma amanye ama-substrates.

I-gamut ye-CMYK ivamise ukuba mncane kunezikhala zemibala ye-RGB, yingakho izithombe zedijithali ezigqamile kwesinye isikhathi zibonakala zilufifi uma ziphrintwa. Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-RGB ne-CMYK kubalulekile kubaklami nabathwebuli abakha okuqukethwe kukho kokubili imidiya yedijithali nephrintiwe.

Ngokombono, ukuhlanganisa i-cyan, i-magenta, nokuphuzi ngamandla aphelele kufanele kukhiqize okumnyama, kodwa ngenxa yokungcola koyinki bomhlaba wangempela, lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela ensundu enodaka. Kungakho kwengezwa uyinki ohlukile (K) omnyama, ohlinzeka abamnyama bangempela futhi uthuthukisa imininingwane yesithunzi. U-“K” umele “Ukhiye” ngoba ipuleti elimnyama lihlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile kanye nokuqondanisa kweminye imibala ekuphrinteni okuvamile.

Izinhlobo zephepha ezihlukene, izindlela zokuphrinta, nokwakheka kukayinki kungathinta kakhulu indlela imibala ye-CMYK evela ngayo ekuphumeni kokugcina. Yingakho ukugeleza komsebenzi wokuphrinta okuchwepheshile kuncike kakhulu ekuphathweni kombala nasezincazelweni ezimisiwe ze-CMYK eziklanyelwe izindawo ezithile zokukhiqiza.

Izikhala Ezijwayelekile Zombala we-CMYK

Ngokungafani ne-RGB, enezikhala zombala ezichazwe ngokucacile njenge-sRGB ne-Adobe RGB, izikhala zemibala ye-CMYK ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezimo zokuphrinta, izinhlobo zamaphepha, nokwakheka kukayinki. Amanye amazinga ajwayelekile e-CMYK afaka:

  • I-U.S. Web Coated (SWOP) v2 – Okujwayelekile kokuphrinta kwe-web offset eNyakatho Melika
  • I-FOGRA39 emboziwe (ISO 12647-2:2004) – Izinga laseYurophu lephepha eliboshwe
  • Japan Color 2001 Coated – Okujwayelekile kokuphrinta kwe-offset e-Japan
  • I-GRCoL 2006 Coated – Imininingwane yekhwalithi ephezulu yokuphrinta kwezohwebo
  • IFOGRA27 – Okujwayelekile kwephepha elimboziwe eYurophu (inguqulo endala)
  • I-U.S. Sheetfed Coated v2 – Ukuphrinta nge-sheet-fed offset ephepheni elimboziwe
  • I-U.S. Engahlanganisiwe v2 – Ukuphrinta emaphepheni angagcotshiwe
  • IFOGRA47 – Ukuze uthole iphepha elingavaliwe eYurophu

Ukuguqulwa kwe-RGB kuya ku-CMYK

Ukuguqula usuka ku-RGB uye ku-CMYK kuhilela kokubili ukuguqulwa kombala wezibalo kanye nemephu ye-gamut, njengoba i-CMYK ingakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha yonke imibala ye-RGB. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kombala, iyisici esibalulekile sokugeleza komsebenzi wokuphrinta ochwepheshe.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-RGB kuye ku-CMYK kuyinkimbinkimbi ngoba ishintsha isuka kokwengezwayo iye kumodeli yombala okhiphayo kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo imephu imibala isuka ku-gamut enkulu iye kwencane. Ngaphandle kokuphathwa kahle kombala, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza okugqamile ku-RGB kungaba buthuntu futhi kube nodaka ku-CMYK, okubomvu kungashintshela kokuwolintshi, futhi ukuhluka kwemibala ecashile kungase kulahleke.

  • Idinga amasistimu okuphatha umbala ngokunemba
  • Kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa amaphrofayili e-ICC ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu
  • Imvamisa ukushintsha ukubukeka kwemibala egqamile
  • Kwenziwe kahle kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ekuhambeni komsebenzi wokukhiqiza
  • Ukuqinisekisa okuthambile kungabuka kuqala ukubukeka kwe-CMYK kuzibonisi ze-RGB
  • Izinhloso ezihlukene zokunikeza zakha imiphumela ehlukene

Imibala ye-Spot kanye ne-Gamut Enwetshiwe

Ukuze unqobe imikhawulo ye-CMYK, ukuphrinta kuvame ukufaka imibala yamabala (njenge-Pantone) noma amasistimu e-gamut anwetshiwe angeza oinki abawolintshi, abaluhlaza, nabansomi (CMYK+OGV) ukuze kunwetshwe ububanzi bemibala ekwazi ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Imibala yama-spot inkino exutshwe ngokukhethekile esetshenziselwa ukufanisa umbala ngqo, ikakhulukazi ezintweni zokufaka uphawu ezifana namalogo. Ngokungafani nemibala yenqubo ye-CMYK edalwe ngokuhlanganisa amachashazi kayinki amane ajwayelekile, imibala yamabala ixutshwa ngaphambili ukuze ibe nefomula ncamashi, iqinisekisa ukuvumelana okuphelele kuzo zonke izinto eziphrintiwe.

  • I-Pantone Matching System inikeza imibala yamabala emisiwe
  • Ukuphrinta kwe-gamut okunwetshiwe kusondela kububanzi bemibala ye-RGB
  • I-Hexachrome namanye amasistimu engeza oyinki abayinhloko abengeziwe
  • Ibalulekile ekunembeni kombala womkhiqizo ekufakweni nasekukhangiseni
  • Izinhlelo ze-CMYK + Orange, Green, Violet (7-color) zingakhiqiza kabusha kuze kufike ku-90% wemibala yePantone
  • Imishini yokunyathelisa yesimanje yedijithali ngokuvamile isekela ukuphrinta okunwetshiwe kwe-gamut

I-Lab kanye Nezikhala Ezizimele Zemibala Yedivayisi

Amamodeli Ombala Azimele Edivayisi

Ngokungafani ne-RGB ne-CMYK, ezincike edivayisini (ukubukeka kwazo kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe kuzingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha), izikhala zemibala ezizimele ezifana ne-CIE L*a*b* (Lab) ne-CIE XYZ zihlose ukuchaza imibala ngendlela ebonwa ngayo iso lomuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iboniswa noma ikhiqizwa kanjani kabusha.

Lezi zikhala zemibala zisebenza njengesisekelo sezinhlelo zesimanje zokuphatha imibala, ezisebenza “njengomhumushi wendawo yonke” phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukene namamodeli emibala. Zisekelwe ekuqondeni kwesayensi kokubona kombala womuntu kunamakhono edivayisi.

Izikhala zemibala ezincike kudivayisi zibalulekile ngoba zinikeza iphoyinti eliyisithenjwa elizinzile ekugelezeni komsebenzi kokuphathwa kombala. Nakuba amanani afanayo e-RGB angase abukeke ehlukile kumamonitha ahlukahlukene, inani lombala Welebhu limelela umbala ofanayo obonwayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi idivayisi. Yingakho i-Lab isebenza njenge-Profile Connection Space (PCS) ekulawuleni imibala ye-ICC, isiza ukuguqulwa okunembile phakathi kwezikhala zemibala ehlukene.

I-CIE XYZ Color Space

Idalwe ngo-1931 yi-International Commission on Illumination (CIE), indawo yombala ye-XYZ yaba yindawo yokuqala yombala echazwe ngokwezibalo. Ihlanganisa yonke imibala ebonakalayo ngeso lomuntu elijwayelekile futhi isebenza njengesisekelo sezinye izikhala zemibala.

Ku-XYZ, u-Y umele ukukhanya, kuyilapho u-X kanye no-Z kungamanani abstract ahlobene nezingxenye ze-chromatic zombala. Lesi sikhala sisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengezinga lereferensi futhi akuvamile ukuqopha isithombe esiqondile. Kuhlala kuyisisekelo kwisayensi yemibala kanye nesisekelo sokuguqulwa kombala.

Isikhala sombala we-CIE XYZ sithathwe ochungechungeni lokuhlolwa kokubona kombala womuntu. Abacwaningi badwebe indlela umuntu ovamile abona ngayo ubude beza beza obuhlukahlukene bokukhanya, okwenza lokho okwaziwa ngendawo yombala ye-CIE 1931, ehlanganisa umdwebo wechromaticity odumile “omumo wesicathulo sehhashi” obonisa yonke imibala engaba khona ebonakalayo kubantu.

  • Isisekelo sokulinganisa umbala kwesayensi
  • Ihlanganisa yonke imibala ebonakalayo yomuntu
  • Isetshenziswa njengereferensi yokuguqulwa kombala
  • Ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zombono wombala womuntu
  • Kuthuthukiswe kusetshenziswa imodeli yokubuka ejwayelekile

I-CIE L*a*b* (Ilebhu) Isikhala Sombala

Yasungulwa ngo-1976, i-CIE L*a*b* (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “Ilebhu”) iklanyelwe ukuthi ifane ngendlela ebonwayo, okusho ukuthi amabanga alinganayo esikhaleni sombala ahambisana cishe nokulingana okubonwayo okulinganayo ngombala. Lokhu kuyenza ilungele ukukala umehluko wemibala nokwenza izilungiso zemibala.

Ku-Lab, u-L* umele ukukhanya (0-100), u-a* umele i-eksisi ebomvu ngokuluhlaza, futhi u-b* umele i-eksisi ephuzi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kokukhanya kulwazi lombala kwenza ilebhu isebenziseke ngokukhethekile emisebenzini yokuhlela isithombe efana nokulungisa umehluko ngaphandle kokuthinta imibala.

Ukufana kwelebhu kuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseni umbala nasekulawuleni ikhwalithi. Uma imibala emibili inomehluko omncane wezinombolo kumanani Welebhu, izobonakala ihluke kancane kuphela kuzibukeli ezingabantu. Lesi sakhiwo asilona iqiniso ku-RGB noma i-CMYK, lapho umehluko wezinombolo ungaholela ezinguqukweni ezicatshangwayo ezihluke kakhulu kuye ngokuthi indawo yombala itholakala kuphi.

  • Iyunifomu yombono yokulinganisa umbala okunembile
  • Ihlukanisa ukukhanya kulwazi lombala
  • Isetshenziswa ekuhlelweni kwesithombe okuthuthukile nasekulungiseni umbala
  • Ingxenye eyinhloko yokugeleza komsebenzi kokuphathwa kombala kwe-ICC
  • Ingakwazi ukuveza imibala ngaphandle kwe-gamut ye-RGB ne-CMYK
  • Isetshenziselwa izibalo zomehluko wombala we-Delta-E

I-CIE L*u*v* Isikhala Sombala

I-CIE L*u*v* yathuthukiswa eduze kwe-L*a*b* njengenye indawo yombala ofanayo. Iwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezibandakanya ukuxutshwa kombala nezibonisi, kuyilapho i-L*a*b* ivame ukuncanyelwa kumasistimu ombala okukhiphayo njengokuphrinta.

Njengelebhu, i-L*u*v* isebenzisa i-L* ukuze ibe lula, kuyilapho u-u* kanye no-v* kuyizixhumanisi ze-chromaticity. Lesi sikhala sombala sivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusakaza kumabonakude kanye nezibalo zomehluko wemibala kubuchwepheshe bokuboniswa.

Umehluko owodwa oyinhloko phakathi kwe-L*a*b* ne-L*u*v* ukuthi i-L*u*v* yayiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuphatha imibala ephumayo nokukhanya. Kuhlanganisa ikhono lokumela imibala ngokuya ngezixhumanisi ze-chromaticity ezingahlotshaniswa kalula nemidwebo ye-chromaticity esetshenziswa kumbala kanye nedizayini yokukhanyisa.

  • Ifaneleka kahle izinhlelo zokusebenza zombala ongeziwe
  • Isetshenziswa ezimbonini zethelevishini nezokusakaza
  • Inikeza izilinganiso zomehluko wombala ofanayo
  • Kungcono ngemibala ephumayo kanye nomklamo wokukhanyisa
  • Ifaka imephu yokushisa yombala ehlobene

I-HSL, i-HSV, kanye Nezikhala Zombala Wokubona

Ukumelwa Kombala Okunembile

Nakuba i-RGB ne-CMYK ichaza imibala ngokuxutshwa kombala okuyisisekelo, i-HSL (I-Hue, Saturation, Lightness) kanye ne-HSV/HSB (Hue, Saturation, Value/Brightness) imelela imibala ngendlela enembile endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo ngombala.

Lezi zikhala zihlukanisa izingxenye zombala (i-hue) kusukela kuzibaluli zokuqina (ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala nokukhanya/ukukhanya), okuzenza zisebenziseke ngokukhethekile ekukhetheni imibala, idizayini ye-UI, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuciko lapho ukulungiswa kombala okunembile kubalulekile.

Inzuzo eyinhloko ye-HSL ne-HSV ukuthi ihambisana eduze nendlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngokwemvelo futhi bayichaze ngayo imibala. Uma othile efuna ukudala “okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumnyama” noma “okubomvu okugqamile,” ucabanga ngokwemibala, ukugcwala, nokukhanya—hhayi ngokwamanani e-RGB. Yingakho abakhethi bemibala kusofthiwe yokuklama bevame ukwethula kokubili izilayidi ze-RGB nezinketho ze-HSL/HSV.

I-HSL Color Space

I-HSL imele imibala kusistimu yokuxhumanisa i-cylindrical, ene-Hue njenge-engeli (0-360°) emele uhlobo lombala, Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala (0-100%) okubonisa ukushuba kombala, kanye nokukhanya (0-100%) echaza ukuthi umbala ukhanya noma umnyama kangakanani.

I-HSL iwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zedizayini ngoba amapharamitha ayo enza imephu ngokunembile ukuthi siyichaza kanjani imibala. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwewebhu nge-CSS, lapho imibala ingacaciswa khona kusetshenziswa umsebenzi othi hsl(). Lokhu kwenza ukudala izikimu zemibala nokulungisa imibala yezimo ezihlukene zokusebenzelana (hambisa phezulu, okusebenzayo, njll.) kube enembile kakhulu.

  • I-Hue: Umbala oyisisekelo (obomvu, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, njll.)
  • Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala: Ukuqina kombala ukusuka kokumpunga (0%) ukuya kumbala omsulwa (100%)
  • Ukukhanya: Ukukhanya ukusuka kokumnyama (0%) ukuya kumbala omhlophe (100%)
  • Okujwayelekile ekwakhiweni kwewebhu nasekucacisweni kombala we-CSS
  • Ukukhanya okuphezulu (100%) kuhlala kukhiqiza okumhlophe kungakhathaliseki umbala
  • Imodeli ye-Symmetrical enokukhanya okuphakathi (50%) ngemibala emsulwa

HSV/HSB Color Space

I-HSV (ebizwa nangokuthi i-HSB) ifana ne-HSL kodwa isebenzisa Inani/Ukukhanya esikhundleni Sokukhanya. Ku-HSV, ukukhanya okukhulu (100%) kuveza umbala ogcwele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungakanani ukugcwala kwesikhala, kuyilapho nge-HSL, ukukhanya okuphezulu kuhlala kukhiqiza okumhlophe.

Imodeli ye-HSV ivame ukuthandwa ezindaweni zokukhetha imibala ngenxa yokuthi yenza imephu ngendlela enembile yokuthi amaciko axuba kanjani imibala nopende—iqala emnyama (akukho kukhanya/inani) nokungeza umbala ukuze kudalwe imibala yokukhanya okwandayo. Inembile kakhulu ekudaleni amathunzi namathoni ombala ngenkathi igcina umbala wayo obonakalayo.

  • I-Hue: Umbala oyisisekelo (obomvu, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, njll.)
  • Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala: Ukuqina kombala ukusuka kokumhlophe/mpunga (0%) ukuya kumbala omsulwa (100%)
  • Inani/Ukukhanya: Ukuqina ukusuka kokumnyama (0%) ukuya kumbala ogcwele (100%)
  • Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kuzikhethi zombala zesofthiwe ye-graphic design
  • Inani eliphakeme (100%) likhiqiza umbala ogcwele lapho uqine kakhulu
  • Enembile kakhulu ngokudala ama-shades namathoni

Munsell Color System

Uhlelo lwe-Munsell luyindawo yomlando yombono ehlela imibala ngezinhlangothi ezintathu: i-hue, inani (ukukhanya), kanye ne-chroma (ukuhlanzeka kombala). Yakhelwe ukunikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuchaza imibala ngokusekelwe ekuboneni komuntu.

Njengoba yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 nguProfesa Albert H. Munsell, lesi simiso saba nezinguquko ngenxa yokuthi sasingesinye sezokuqala ukuhlela imibala ngokusekelwe kokufana kombono esikhundleni sezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokungafani nezikhala zesimanje zemibala yedijithali, bekuwuhlelo oluphathekayo olusebenzisa ama-chips ombala apendiwe ahlelwe endaweni enezinhlangothi ezintathu.

  • Idala amamodeli ombala wedijithali kodwa isasetshenziswa kwezinye izinkambu
  • Okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori yombala yesimanje
  • Isasetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni umhlabathi, emfundweni yobuciko, nasekuhlaziyeni imibala
  • Ngokusekelwe esikhaleni esibonwayo kunamafomula ezibalo
  • Ihlela imibala ngesakhiwo esifana nesihlahla esinombala ophuma ku-eksisi emaphakathi

I-HCL Color Space

I-HCL (i-Hue, i-Chroma, i-Luminance) iyindawo yombala efanayo ehlanganisa imvelo enembile ye-HSL nokufana okubonakalayo kweLebhu. Iwusizo kakhulu ekudaleni amaphalethi ombala nama-gradient abonakala engaguquguquki ekukhanyeni okucatshangwayo nokugcwaliswa kwesikhala.

Nakuba ingasetshenziswa kabanzi kusofthiwe njenge-HSL noma i-HSV, i-HCL (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-LCh uma amapharamitha ayalwa ngokuhlukile) ithola ukuduma ngokubonwa ngeso lengqondo nokuklama idatha ngenxa yokuthi idala izikali zombala ezingaguquki kakhulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuboniseni idatha lapho umbala usetshenziselwa ukumela amanani.

  • Ngokwengqondo umfaniswano ngokungafani ne-HSL/HSV
  • Kuhle kakhulu ekudaleni izikali zombala ezingaguquki
  • Ngokusekelwe esikhaleni sombala Welebhu kodwa ngezixhumanisi ze-polar
  • Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekubukeni idatha nasekuklanyweni kolwazi
  • Idala izikimu zombala ezivumelanayo nezilinganiselayo

I-YCbCr kanye Nezikhala Zombala Wevidiyo

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Luminance-Chrominance

Amasistimu wokuminyanisa ividiyo nesithombe ngokuvamile asebenzisa izikhala zemibala ezihlukanisa ukukhanya (ukukhanya) nolwazi lwe-chrominance (umbala). Le ndlela isebenzisa ukuzwela okuphezulu kwesistimu yomuntu yokubonwayo emininingwaneni yokukhanya kunokwehluka kwemibala.

Ngokufaka ikhodi ukukhanya ekulungisweni okuphezulu kunezingxenye ze-chrominance, lezi zikhala zinika amandla ukucindezelwa kwedatha okubalulekile kuyilapho kugcinwa ikhwalithi yesithombe esibonakalayo. Lesi yisisekelo samafomethi amaningi wevidiyo edijithali kanye nobuchwepheshe bokucindezela.

Isimiso somuntu sokubona sizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kokukhanya kunokushintsha umbala. Leli qiniso lebhayoloji lisetshenziswa kabi ekuminyanisweni kwevidiyo ngokunikezela umkhawulokudonsa omningi ekukhanyiseni ulwazi kunokufaka imibala. Le ndlela, ebizwa ngokuthi i-chroma subsampling, inganciphisa osayizi bamafayela ngo-50% noma ngaphezulu kuyilapho igcina ikhwalithi yokubuka ebonakala icishe ifane nomthombo ongacindezelwe.

I-YCbCr Color Space

I-YCbCr iyindawo evame kakhulu yombala esetshenziswa kuvidiyo yedijithali nokucindezelwa kwesithombe. U-Y umele ukukhanya, kuyilapho i-Cb ne-Cr kuyizingxenye ezihlanganisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nezingxenye zechrominance ezinomehluko obomvu. Lesi sikhala sihlobene eduze ne-YUV kodwa siguqulelwe kumasistimu edijithali.

Izithombe ze-JPEG, amavidiyo e-MPEG, namafomethi amaningi evidiyo edijithali asebenzisa umbhalo wekhodi we-YCbCr. Umkhuba ojwayelekile “we-chroma subsampling” (ukunciphisa ukulungiswa kweziteshi ze-Cb ne-Cr) kulawa mafomethi kungenzeka ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwe-luminance-chrominance.

I-Chroma subsampling ngokuvamile ivezwa njengenani lezinombolo ezintathu, njengokuthi 4:2:0 noma 4:2:2. Ngo-4:2:0 amasampula angaphansi (okujwayelekile ekusakazeni ividiyo), kuwo wonke amasampula okukhanya amane, kukhona amasampula e-chrominance amabili kuphela avundlile futhi awekho aqondile. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulungiswa kombala kube yikota eyodwa yokulungiswa kokukhanya, kunciphisa kakhulu usayizi wefayela kuyilapho kugcinwa ikhwalithi enhle kakhulu ebonwayo.

  • Isetshenziswa cishe kuwo wonke amafomethi evidiyo edijithali
  • Isisekelo sokucindezelwa kwesithombe se-JPEG
  • Inika amandla ukusampula kwe-chroma okusebenzayo (4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4)
  • Kukhona okuhlukile okuhlukile kwamazinga wevidiyo ahlukene
  • Kusetshenziswe ku-H.264, H.265, VP9, kanye namakhodekhi e-AV1

I-YUV Color Space

I-YUV yenzelwe izinhlelo zikamabonakude ze-analog ukuze zinikeze ukuhambisana okubuyela emuva phakathi kokusakaza kombala nokumnyama nokumhlophe. Njenge-YCbCr, ihlukanisa ukukhanya (Y) nezingxenye ze-chrominance (U no-V).

Nakuba i-YUV ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokwezwi nezwi ukuze ibhekisele kunoma iyiphi ifomethi ye-luminance-chrominance, i-YUV yangempela iqondene ngqo namazinga kamabonakude we-analog. Izinhlelo zesimanje zedijithali ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i-YCbCr, nakuba amagama evame ukudideka noma asetshenziswe ngokushintshana.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwasekuqaleni kwe-YUV kwaba impumelelo emangalisayo yobunjiniyela exazulule inselele yokusakaza amasiginali we-TV enemibala ngenkathi igcinwa ihambisana namathelevishini akhona amnyama nokumhlophe. Ngokubhala ngekhodi ulwazi lombala ngendlela ama-TV anombala omnyama nomhlophe angayiziba, onjiniyela badale isistimu lapho ukusakazwa okukodwa kungabukwa kuzo zombili izinhlobo zamasethi.

  • Ukubaluleka ngokomlando ekuthuthukisweni kokusakaza kukamabonakude
  • Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ngokungalungile njengetemu elivamile le-YCbCr
  • Kukhona okuhlukile okuhlukile kumazinga ahlukene we-analog TV
  • I-PAL, i-NTSC, nezinhlelo ze-SECAM zisebenzise ukuqaliswa okuhlukile kwe-YUV
  • Inikwe amandla ukusebenzisana emuva nomabonakude omnyama nomhlophe

I-Rec.709 nevidiyo ye-HD

I-Rec.709 (I-ITU-R Recommendation BT.709) ichaza isikhala sombala namapharamitha wombhalo wekhodi kamabonakude anencazelo ephezulu. Icacisa kokubili okuyinhloko kwe-RGB kanye nombhalo wekhodi we-YCbCr wokuqukethwe kwe-HD, nge-gamut efana ne-sRGB.

Leli zinga liqinisekisa ukuvumelana ekukhiqizweni kwevidiyo ye-HD nokuboniswa kuwo wonke amadivayisi ahlukene nezinhlelo zokusakaza. Kuhlanganisa ukucaciswa kwemibala eyinhloko, imisebenzi yokudlulisa (i-gamma), nama-coefficients we-matrix we-RGB yokuguqulwa kwe-YCbCr.

I-Rec.709 yasungulwa ngeminyaka yo-1990 njengendinganiso ye-HDTV, ingacacisi nje kuphela isikhala sombala kodwa futhi nezilinganiso zozimele, ukulungiswa, nokubukeka kwezilinganiso. Ijika layo le-gamma lihluke kancane ku-sRGB, nakuba babelana ngemibala yokuqala efanayo. Nakuba i-Rec.709 yayishintshashintsha ngesikhathi sayo, izindinganiso ezintsha ezifana nefomethi ye-Rec.2020 kanye ne-HDR inikeza ama-gamu ombala abanzi kakhulu kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo.

  • Isikhala sombala esijwayelekile sethelevishini ye-HD
  • I-gamut efanayo ne-sRGB kodwa enombhalo wekhodi ohlukile
  • Isetshenziswa kuma-Blu-ray discs nasekusakazweni kwe-HD
  • Ichaza umsebenzi othile wokudlulisa ongaqondile (i-gamma)
  • Ukwengezwa ngamazinga we-HDR afana ne-PQ ne-HLG

Ividiyo Ephezulu Yebanga Elinamandla

Ividiyo ye-High Dynamic Range (HDR) inweba kokubili umbala we-gamut kanye nobubanzi bokukhanya bevidiyo yendabuko. Amazinga afana ne-HDR10, i-Dolby Vision, ne-HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) achaza ukuthi lobu bubanzi obunwetshiwe bubhalwa futhi buboniswe kanjani.

Ividiyo ye-HDR ngokuvamile isebenzisa imisebenzi yokudlulisa emisha (EOTF) efana ne-PQ (Perceptual Quantizer, standardized as SMPTE ST 2084) engamelela ububanzi obubanzi bamazinga okukhanya kunamajika e-gamma endabuko. Kuhlanganiswe nama-gamus anombala obanzi njenge-P3 noma i-Rec.2020, lokhu kudala umuzwa wokubuka ongokoqobo kakhulu futhi ogxilile.

Umehluko phakathi kokuqukethwe kwe-SDR ne-HDR uyamangalisa – i-HDR ingamela yonke into kusukela ethunzini elijulile ukuya ezithombeni ezinhle kakhulu ezikhanyayo kuhlaka olulodwa, okufana nendlela iso lomuntu elibona ngayo izigcawu zangempela. Lokhu kuqeda isidingo sokuyekethisa ekuvezweni kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo obekudingeka kuwo wonke umlando wefilimu nevidiyo.

  • Inweba kokubili ububanzi bemibala nobubanzi bokukhanya
  • Isebenzisa imisebenzi yokudlulisa emisha efana ne-PQ ne-HLG
  • I-HDR10 inikeza umbala wamabhithi angu-10 ngemethadatha emile
  • I-Dolby Vision inikeza umbala we-12-bit onemethadatha yesehlakalo ngasinye
  • I-HLG yakhelwe ukusebenzisana kokusakaza

Ukuqhathanisa Izikhala Zombala Ezivamile

Faka umbala ezikhaleni ngokubuka nje

Lesi siqhathaniso sigqamisa izici ezibalulekile kanye namacala okusetshenziswa kwezikhala zemibala ezivame kakhulu. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kubalulekile ekukhetheni isikhala sombala esifanele izidingo zakho ezithile.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezikhala Zombala we-RGB

  • I-sRGB: I-gamut encane kakhulu, indinganiso yewebhu, ukuhambisana kwendawo yonke
  • I-Adobe RGB: I-gamut ebanzi, engcono ukuphrinta, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziluhlaza okotshani
  • Bonisa i-P3: Okubomvu nokuhlaza okuthuthukisiwe, okusetshenziswa amadivayisi we-Apple
  • I-ProPhoto RGB: I-gamut ebanzi ngokwedlulele, idinga ukujula okungu-16-bit, ilungele ukuthwebula izithombe
  • Rec.2020: I-Ultra-wide gamut yevidiyo ye-4K/8K, indinganiso egxile esikhathini esizayo

Izimpawu Zesikhala Sombala

  • CMYK: I-subtractive, i-print-oriented, i-gamut encane kune-RGB
  • Ilebhu: Idivayisi izimele, iyafana ngokubonwayo, i-gamut enkulu kakhulu
  • I-HSL/HSV: Ukukhethwa kombala okunembile, hhayi okufanayo ngokubonwayo
  • I-YCbCr: Ihlukanisa ukukhanya kumbala, okulungiselelwe ukuminyanisa
  • XYZ: Isikhala sereferensi sesayensi yombala, asisetshenziswa ngokuqondile ezithombeni

Sebenzisa Izincomo Zezimo

  • Okuqukethwe Kwewebhu Nedijithali: I-sRGB noma i-Display P3 (ene-sRGB fallback)
  • Izithombe Zochwepheshe: I-Adobe RGB noma i-ProPhoto RGB ku-16-bit
  • Ukukhiqizwa kokuphrinta: I-Adobe RGB yendawo yokusebenza, iphrofayela ye-CMYK yokukhipha
  • Ukukhiqizwa Kwevidiyo: I-Rec.709 ye-HD, Rec.2020 ye-UHD/HDR
  • Ubuciko Bedijithali Nomklamo: I-Adobe RGB noma i-Display P3
  • Ukulungiswa Kombala: Ilebhu yokulungiswa okuzimele kwedivayisi
  • Idizayini ye-UI/UX: I-HSL/HSV yokukhetha umbala enembile
  • Ukuminyanisa ividiyo: I-YCbCr enesampling efanelekile ye-chroma

Ukuphathwa Kwesikhala Semibala Esiwusizo

Amasistimu Wokuphatha Umbala

Amasistimu okuphatha imibala (i-CMS) aqinisekisa ukuvela kabusha kombala okungaguquki kuwo wonke amadivayisi ahlukene ngokusebenzisa amaphrofayela edivayisi nokuguqulwa kwesikhala sombala. Zibalulekile ekuhambeni komsebenzi okuphrofeshinali ezithombeni, ekudizayineni, nasekuphrinteni.

Isisekelo sokuphathwa kwemibala yesimanje uhlelo lwephrofayili ye-ICC (International Color Consortium). Lawa maphrofayela achaza izici zombala zamadivayisi athile noma izikhala zemibala, okuvumela ukuhunyushwa okunembile phakathi kwawo. Ngaphandle kokuphathwa kombala okufanele, amanani afanayo e-RGB angabukeka ehluke kakhulu kuwo wonke amadivayisi ahlukahlukene.

  • Ngokusekelwe kumaphrofayela e-ICC abonisa ukuziphatha kombala wedivayisi
  • Isebenzisa amaphrofayela azimele kudivayisi (njengeLab) njengendawo yokushintshana
  • Iphatha imephu ye-gamut yezikhala zendawo okuyiwa kuzo
  • Ihlinzeka ngezinjongo zokunikezela zemigomo ehlukene yokuguqulwa
  • Isekela kokubili isixhumanisi sedivayisi nokuguqulwa kwezinyathelo eziningi

Bonisa Ukulinganisa

Ukulinganisa kokuqapha kuyisisekelo sokuphathwa kombala, uqinisekisa ukuthi isibonisi sakho simele imibala ngokunembile. Ngaphandle kwemonitha elinganiselwe, yonke eminye imizamo yokuphatha imibala ingase ibukeke phansi.

Ukulinganisa kuhlanganisa ukulungisa izilungiselelo zemonitha yakho nokudala iphrofayela ye-ICC elungisa noma yikuphi ukuchezuka ekuziphatheni kombala okuvamile. Le nqubo ngokuvamile idinga i-colorimeter yehadiwe noma i-spectrophotometer ukuze uthole imiphumela enembile, nakuba ukulinganisa kwesofthiwe okuyisisekelo kungcono kunokungabi nakho nhlobo.

  • Amadivayisi wokulinganisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ahlinzeka ngemiphumela enembe kakhulu
  • Ilungisa iphuzu elimhlophe, i-gamma, nempendulo yombala
  • Idala iphrofayela ye-ICC esetshenziswa amasistimu okuphatha imibala
  • Kufanele kwenziwe njalo njengoba izibonisi zishintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
  • Izibonisi zochwepheshe zivame ukuba nezici zokulinganiswa kwehadiwe

Ukusebenza Ngezikhala Zombala Wekhamera

Amakhamera edijithali athwebula izithombe ngezikhala zazo ezinemibala, ezibuye ziguqulelwe ezikhaleni ezijwayelekile njenge-sRGB noma i-Adobe RGB. Ukuqonda le nqubo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okunembile kwezithombe.

Yonke ikhamera inenzwa eyingqayizivele enezici zayo zokuphendula ngombala. Abakhiqizi bekhamera bathuthukisa ama-algorithms obunikazi ukuze bacubungule idatha yenzwa eluhlaza ibe yizikhala zemibala ezimisiwe. Uma uthwebula ngefomethi RAW, unokulawula okwengeziwe kule nqubo yokuguqulwa, okuvumela ukuphathwa kombala okunembe kakhudlwana.

  • Amafayela angu-RAW aqukethe yonke idatha yombala ethathwe inzwa
  • Amafayela e-JPEG aguqulelwa ku-sRGB noma i-Adobe RGB engaphakathi kwekhamera
  • Amaphrofayli ekhamera angabonisa izimpendulo zemibala ethile yekhamera
  • Izindawo zokusebenza ze-Wide-gamut zigcina idatha yekhamera eminingi
  • I-DNG Color Profiles (DCP) inikeza idatha enembile yombala wekhamera

Ukucatshangelwa Kombala Ophephile Wewebhu

Nakuba iziphequluli zewebhu zesimanje zisekela ukuphathwa kombala, izibonisi eziningi namadivayisi akusekeli. Ukudala okuqukethwe kwewebhu okubukeka kuvumelana kuwo wonke amadivayisi kudinga ukuqonda le mikhawulo.

Inkundla yewebhu iqhubekela ekuphathweni okungcono kwemibala, nge-CSS Color Module Level 4 enezela ukusekela kokucaciswa kwesikhala sombala. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuhambisane okuphezulu, kusabalulekile ukucabangela imikhawulo ye-sRGB futhi unikeze izimbuyiselo ezifanele zokuqukethwe kwe-wide-gamut.

  • I-sRGB ihlala iyinketho ephephe kunazo zonke ekusebenzisaneni kwendawo yonke
  • Shumeka amaphrofayili ombala ezithombeni zeziphequluli eziwusekelayo
  • I-CSS Color Module Level 4 yengeza ukucaciswa kwesikhala sombala
  • Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezibonisi ze-wide-gamut kungenzeka
  • Cabangela ukusebenzisa imibuzo ye-@media ukuze uthole ukuboniswa kwe-wide-gamut

Ukuhamba komsebenzi wokukhiqiza kokuphrinta

Ukugeleza komsebenzi wokuphrinta okuchwepheshile kudinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwesikhala sombala kusukela ekuthwebuleni kuya ekuphumeni kokugcina. Ukushintsha ukusuka ku-RGB ukuya ku-CMYK kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile okufanele siphathwe ngendlela efanele.

Ukuphrinta kwezohwebo kusebenzisa izikhala zombala ze-CMYK ezimisiwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zokuphrinta. Lawa mazinga aqinisekisa imiphumela engaguquki kubo bonke abahlinzeki bokuphrinta abahlukene kanye nokunyathelisa. Abaklami badinga ukuqonda ukuthi iyiphi indawo yombala ye-CMYK esetshenziswa iphrinta yabo futhi bahlanganise lolo lwazi ekuhambeni komsebenzi wabo.

  • Ukuqinisekisa okuthambile kulingisa okukhiphayo okuphrintiwe esikrinini
  • Amaphrofayli ephrinta abonisa idivayisi ethile nenhlanganisela yephepha
  • Izinhloso zokunikezela zinquma indlela yokwenza imephu ye-gamut
  • Isinxephezelo sephoyinti elimnyama sigcina imininingwane yesithunzi
  • Amaphrinti okuqinisekisa aqinisekisa ukunemba kombala ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kokugcina

Ukugreda Kombala Wevidiyo

Ukukhiqizwa kwevidiyo kuhlanganisa ukucatshangelwa kwesikhala sombala okuyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi ngokukhuphuka kwe-HDR namafomethi we-wide-gamut. Ukuqonda ipayipi eligcwele kusukela ekuthwebuleni kuya ekulethweni kubalulekile.

Ukukhiqizwa kwevidiyo yesimanje kuvame ukusebenzisa i-Academy Colour Encoding System (ACES) njengohlaka olujwayelekile lokuphatha umbala. I-ACES ihlinzeka ngendawo yokusebenza evamile yazo zonke izithombe ngaphandle kokunaka ikhamera esetshenzisiwe, yenza lula inqubo yokufanisa izithombe ezivela emithonjeni ehlukene nokulungiselela okuqukethwe kwamafomethi amaningi okulethwa.

  • Amafomethi welogi agcina ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obukhulu ukusuka kumakhamera
  • Izindawo zokusebenza ezifana ne-ACES zinikeza ukuphathwa kombala okujwayelekile
  • Amazinga e-HDR ahlanganisa imisebenzi yokudlulisa ye-PQ ne-HLG
  • Amafomethi okulethwa angase adinge izinguqulo eziningi zesikhala esinemibala
  • Ama-LUT (Amathebula Okubheka) asiza ukumisa ukuguqulwa kombala

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezikhala Zemibala

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwemodeli yombala nesikhala sombala?

Imodeli yombala iwuhlaka lwethiyori lokumela imibala kusetshenziswa amanani ezinombolo (njenge-RGB noma i-CMYK), kuyilapho isikhala sombala siwukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwemodeli yombala enamapharamitha achaziwe. Isibonelo, i-RGB iyimodeli yombala, kuyilapho i-sRGB ne-Adobe RGB kuyizikhala zemibala ezithile ezisekelwe kumodeli ye-RGB, ngayinye enama-gamu nezici ezihlukahlukene. Cabanga ngemodeli yombala njengohlelo olujwayelekile (njengokuchaza izindawo kusetshenziswa i-latitude/ubude) kanye nesikhala sombala njengemephu ethile yaleyo sistimu (njengemephu enemininingwane yendawo ethile enezixhumanisi ezinembile).

Kungani okokukhipha kwami ​​​​okuphrintiwe kubonakala kuhlukile kulokho engikubona esikrinini?

Izinto ezimbalwa ezidala lo mehluko: abaqaphi basebenzisa umbala we-RGB (owengeziwe) kuyilapho amaphrinta esebenzisa umbala we-CMYK (okhiphayo); izibonisi ngokuvamile zine-gamut ebanzi kunokukhiphayo okuphrintiwe; izikrini zikhipha ukukhanya kuyilapho ukuphrinta kubonisa lokho; futhi ngaphandle kokuphathwa kombala okufanele, akukho ukuhumusha phakathi kwalezi zikhala zemibala ehlukene. Ukwengeza, uhlobo lwephepha luthinta kakhulu indlela imibala evela ngayo ekuphrintiwe, ngamaphepha angamboziwe ngokuvamile akhiqiza imibala engagcwele kakhulu kunamaphepha acwebezelayo. Ukulinganisa imonitha yakho nokusebenzisa amaphrofayili e-ICC kuphrinta yakho ethile kanye nenhlanganisela yephepha kunganciphisa kakhulu lokhu kungafani, nakuba omunye umehluko uzohlala umile ngenxa yomehluko obalulekile obonakalayo phakathi kwezibonisi ezikhipha ukukhanya namaphrinti abonisa ukukhanya.

Ingabe kufanele ngisebenzise i-sRGB, i-Adobe RGB, noma i-ProPhoto RGB ekuthwebuleni izithombe?

Kuncike ekuhambeni kwakho komsebenzi kanye nezidingo zokuphumayo. I-sRGB ingcono kakhulu ezithombeni ezihloselwe iwebhu noma ukubukwa okuvamile ezikrinini. I-Adobe RGB inhle kakhulu emsebenzini wokuphrinta, enikeza i-gamut ebanzi efana kangcono namakhono okuphrinta. I-ProPhoto RGB ilungele ukugeleza komsebenzi okuphrofeshinali lapho ukugcinwa kolwazi lombala kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma usebenza ngamafayela e-RAW kumodi engu-16-bit. Abathwebuli bezithombe abaningi basebenzisa indlela eyingxube: ukuhlela nge-ProPhoto RGB noma ku-Adobe RGB, bese beguqulela ku-sRGB ukuze kwabelwane ngewebhu. Uma uthwebula ngefomethi ye-JPEG ekukhamera, i-Adobe RGB ngokuvamile iyinketho engcono kune-sRGB uma ikhamera yakho iyisekela, njengoba igcina ulwazi oluningi lombala ukuze luhlelwe kamuva. Nokho, uma uthwebula i-RAW (inconyelwe ikhwalithi ephezulu), ukulungiselelwa kwesikhala sombala wekhamera kuthinta kuphela ukubuka kuqala kwe-JPEG hhayi idatha yangempela ye-RAW.

Kwenzekani uma imibala ingaphandle kwe-gamut yesikhala sombala?

Lapho uguqula phakathi kwezikhala zemibala, imibala ewela ngaphandle kwe-gamut yesikhala sendawo kufanele ifakwe imephu kabusha kusetshenziswa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-gamut mapping. Lokhu kulawulwa ngokunikeza izinhloso: Ukunikezwa komqondo kulondoloza ubudlelwano obubonakalayo phakathi kwemibala ngokucindezela yonke i-gamut; I-Relative Colorimetric igcina imibala engaphakathi kokubili kwemibala yama-gamu neziqeshana ezingaphandle kwe-gamut kumbala okhiqizekayo oseduze kakhulu; I-Absolute Colorimetric iyafana kodwa futhi ilungisa iphepha elimhlophe; futhi Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala kubeka kuqala ukugcinwa kwemibala egqamile ngaphezu kokunemba. Ukukhethwa kwenhloso yokunikezela kuncike kokuqukethwe kanye nezinto eziza kuqala kuwe. Ezithombeni, i-Perceptual ivame ukukhiqiza imiphumela ebukeka ingokwemvelo kakhulu. Ngezithombe ezinemibala ethile yomkhiqizo, i-Relative Colorimetric ivamise ukusebenza kangcono ukuze kugcinwe imibala eqondile lapho kungenzeka khona. Izinhlelo zesimanje zokuphatha imibala zingakubonisa ukuthi yimiphi imibala engaphandle kwe-gamut ngaphambi kokuguqulwa, okukuvumela ukuthi wenze izinguquko emibaleni ebalulekile.

Kubaluleke kangakanani ukulinganisa kokuqapha ekuphathweni kombala?

Ukulinganisa kokuqapha kuyisisekelo sanoma iyiphi isistimu yokuphatha imibala. Ngaphandle kwesibonisi esilinganiselwe, wenza izinqumo zokuhlela ngokusekelwe kulwazi lombala olungalungile. Ukulinganisa kulungisa imonitha yakho endaweni eyaziwayo, evamile ngokusetha iphuzu elimhlophe (ngokujwayelekile i-D65/6500K), i-gamma (imvamisa engu-2.2), nokukhanya (ngokuvamile okungu-80-120 cd/m²), futhi kudala iphrofayela ye-ICC esetshenziswa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphethwe imibala ukubonisa imibala ngokunembile. Ngomsebenzi wochwepheshe, idivayisi yokulinganisa ihadiwe ibalulekile futhi ukulinganisa kabusha kufanele kwenziwe nyanga zonke. Ngisho nama-colorimeter ebanga lomthengi angathuthukisa ngokumangazayo ukunemba kombala uma kuqhathaniswa nezibonisi ezingalinganiselwe. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa, indawo yakho yokusebenza nayo ibalulekile—izindonga ezimpunga ezimaphakathi, ukukhanya okulawulwayo, nokugwema ukukhanya okuqondile esikrinini konke kunomthelela ekuboneni umbala onembe kakhudlwana. Ngomsebenzi wombala obalulekile, cabanga ukutshala imali kusiqaphi sezinga eliqeqeshiwe esinekhava ye-gamut ebanzi, amandla okulinganisa izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, kanye nehood yokuvimba ukukhanya kwe-ambient.

Iyiphi indawo yombala okufanele ngiyisebenzise ekuklanyweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwewebhu?

I-sRGB ihlala iyindinganiso yokuqukethwe kwewebhu njengoba iqinisekisa ukuzizwisa okungaguquki kuwo wonke amadivayisi neziphequluli ezihlukene. Nakuba iziphequluli zesimanje ziya ngokuya zisekela ukuphathwa kwemibala nama-gamuts abanzi, amadivayisi amaningi neziphequluli namanje azikwenzi. Kumaphrojekthi abheke phambili, ungasebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa i-sRGB njengesisekelo kuyilapho uhlinzeka ngempahla ebanzi (usebenzisa izici ze-CSS Color Module Level 4 noma izithombe ezimakiwe) kumadivayisi azisekelayo. I-CSS Color Module Level 4 yethula usekelo lwesibonisi-p3, i-prophoto-rgb, nezinye izikhala zemibala ngemisebenzi efana nombala(display-p3 1 0.5 0), okuvumela abaklami bewebhu ukuthi baqondise izibonisi ze-gamut ebanzi ngaphandle kokudela ukuhambisana. Ukuze uthole ukusebenzisana okuphezulu neziphequluli ezindala, gcina inguqulo ye-sRGB yazo zonke izimpahla futhi usebenzise ukutholwa kwesici ukuze unikeze okuqukethwe kwe-gamut ebanzi kuphela kumadivayisi ahambisanayo. Njalo hlola imiklamo yakho kuwo wonke amadivayisi neziphequluli eziningi ukuze uqinisekise ukubukeka okwamukelekayo kubo bonke abasebenzisi.

Ingabe izikhala zemibala zikuthinta kanjani ukucindezelwa kwesithombe nosayizi wefayela?

Izikhala zemibala ziba nomthelela omkhulu ekucindezelweni kwesithombe nosayizi wefayela. Ukuguqula kusuka ku-RGB kuye ku-YCbCr (ngokuminyanisa kwe-JPEG) kuvumela ukusampula kwe-chroma, okunciphisa usayizi wefayela ngokugcina ulwazi lombala ekulungisweni okuphansi kunolwazi lokukhanya, kuxhaphake ukuzwela okukhulu kweso lomuntu emininingwaneni yokukhanya. Izikhala ze-wide-gamut njenge-ProPhoto RGB zidinga ukujula okuphezulu okuphezulu (i-16-bit vs. 8-bit) ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlanganisa, okuholela kumafayela amakhulu. Uma ulondoloza ngamafomethi afana ne-PNG angasebenzisi i-chroma subsampling, isikhala sombala ngokwaso asithinti kakhulu usayizi wefayela, kodwa ukujula okuphezulu kuyabathinti. Amafayela e-JPEG alondolozwe ku-Adobe RGB noma ku-ProPhoto RGB awasebenzisi ngokwemvelo isitoreji esiningi kunezinguqulo ze-sRGB esilungiselelweni sekhwalithi efanayo, kodwa kufanele afake iphrofayela eshumekiwe yombala ukuze iboniswe ngendlela efanele, okwengeza kancane kusayizi wefayela. Ukuze uthole ukuphumelela okuphezulu kokuminyanisa kumafomethi okulethwa, ukuguqulela ku-8-bit sRGB noma i-YCbCr ngamasampula aphansi afanelekile ngokuvamile kunikeza ibhalansi engcono kakhulu yosayizi wefayela nekhwalithi ebonakalayo.

Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwezikhala zemibala nokujula kancane?

Ukujula kancane nesikhala sombala imiqondo ehlobene ethinta ikhwalithi yesithombe. Ukujula kancane kubhekisela enanini lamabhithi asetshenziselwa ukumela isiteshi sombala ngamunye, okunquma ukuthi mangaki amanani emibala ehlukene angamelwa. Nakuba isikhala sombala sichaza ububanzi bemibala (i-gamut), ukujula kwebhithi kunquma ukuthi lobo bubanzi buhlukaniswe kahle kangakanani. Izikhala ezibanzi zombala we-gamut njenge-ProPhoto RGB ngokuvamile zidinga ukujula kwebhithi ephakeme ukuze kugwenywe ukubhendisha nokwenza iphosta. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inani elifanayo lamanani ahlukile kufanele linwebe kububanzi obukhudlwana bemibala, lidale “izinyathelo” ezinkulu phakathi kwemibala encikene. Isibonelo, ukubhala ngekhodi kwe-8-bit kunikeza amazinga angama-256 ngeshaneli ngayinye, ngokuvamile anele i-sRGB kodwa enganele i-ProPhoto RGB. Kungakho ukuhamba komsebenzi okuphrofeshinali kuvame ukusebenzisa i-16-bit yesiteshi ngasinye (amaleveli angama-65,536) lapho kusebenza ezindaweni ezibanzi. Ngokufanayo, okuqukethwe kwe-HDR kudinga ukujula okuncane okuphezulu (i-10-bit noma i-12-bit) ukuze imele kahle ibanga lakho lokukhanya elinwetshiwe. Inhlanganisela yesikhala sombala nokujula kancane ndawonye kunquma inani eliphelele lemibala ehlukile engamelwa esithombeni.

Ukuphathwa Kwemibala Okuyinhloko Kumaphrojekthi Akho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumthwebuli wezithombe, umklami, noma umthuthukisi, ukuqonda izikhala zemibala kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni umsebenzi wekhwalithi yobuchwepheshe. Sebenzisa le mibono ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi imibala yakho ibukeka ifana kuyo yonke imidiya.

Qhathanisa Izikhala Zombala Buka Imihlahlandlela Ewusizo
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