Ukuqonda izithuba zeMbala kwiMifanekiso: Isikhokelo esiGqibeleleyo kwi-RGB, CMYK, LAB, HSL kunye nokunye

Ukuqonda izithuba zemibala kwiMifanekiso yeDijithali

Phonononga isikhokelo esipheleleyo kwiimodeli zemibala, izithuba zemibala, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwifoto, uyilo, kunye nemifanekiso yedijithali. Ulawulo lombala olubalaseleyo kwiziphumo ezigqibeleleyo kuzo zonke izixhobo.

I-RGB kunye ne-CMYK
HSL & HSV
I-LAB & XYZ
YCbCr kunye neYUV
Thelekisa izithuba zeMbala Izikhokelo eziluncedo

IsiKhokelo esiGqibeleleyo kwizithuba zeMibala

Izithuba zemibala ziimodeli zemathematika ezisivumela ukuba simele kwaye sichaze imibala ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ukuqonda izithuba zemibala kubalulekile kubafoti, abayili, abahleli bevidiyo, kunye nabani na osebenza ngomfanekiso wedijithali. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sigubungela yonke into ukusuka kwiingqikelelo ezisisiseko ukuya kubuchule obuphambili bolawulo lombala.

Kutheni izithuba zemibala zibalulekile

Izithuba zemibala zichaza indlela imibala eveliswa ngayo kwakhona kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemidiya. Bamisela uluhlu lwemibala (i-gamut) enokuthi iboniswe okanye iprintwe, echaphazela ukuchaneka kunye nokunyakaza kwemifanekiso yakho. Ngaphandle kolawulo olululo lwendawo yombala, iziboniso zakho eziyilwe ngocoselelo zinokuvela ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba zijongwe xa zijongwa kwizikrini ezahlukeneyo okanye kwizinto eziprintiweyo.

Ihlabathi ledijithali lixhomekeke kunxibelelwano lwemibala oluchanekileyo. Xa uthatha ifoto, uhlela umfanekiso, okanye uyila iwebhusayithi, usebenza ngaphakathi kwezithuba ezinemibala ethile echaza ukuba yeyiphi imibala ekhoyo kuwe kunye nendlela emelwe ngayo ngokwezibalo. Ezi zithuba zemibala zisebenza njengolwimi lwehlabathi lonke oluqinisekisa ukuba ubomvu bakho bubomvu obufanayo kwiscreen somnye umntu okanye kushicilelo.

  • Iqinisekisa ukuveliswa kombala okufanayo kuzo zonke izixhobo
  • Yenyusa uluhlu lwemibala olukhoyo lwesiphakathi sakho
  • Ithintela ukutshintsha kombala ngexesha loguqulelo lwefomathi
  • Ibalulekile kwimveliso yobungcali
  • Ibalulekile kukungaguquguquki kophawu kuyo yonke imidiya yedijithali kunye noshicilelo

Ukuqonda iiModeli zeMbala kunye neZithuba

Iimodeli zoMbala vs. Izithuba zeMbala

Ngelixa zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokutshintshisanayo, iimodeli zemibala kunye nezithuba zemibala ziingqikelelo ezahlukeneyo. Imodeli yombala sisikhokelo sethiyori sokumela imibala (efana ne-RGB okanye i-CMYK), ngelixa isithuba sombala siphunyezo oluthile lwemodeli yombala eneparamitha ezichaziweyo (njenge-sRGB okanye i-Adobe RGB).

Cinga ngemodeli yombala njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuchaza imibala, njengokuthi “xuba obomvu, obuluhlaza kunye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukudala imibala.” Indawo yombala ibonelela ngemithetho ethile: kanye ukuba yintoni umthunzi obomvu, oluhlaza, kunye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka onokusetyenziswa, kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ukuxuba njani ukufumana iziphumo ezihambelanayo.

  • Imifuziselo yemibala ichaza isakhelo sokumelwa kombala
  • Izithuba zemibala zichaza iiparamitha ezichanekileyo ngaphakathi kwimodeli
  • Izithuba ezininzi zemibala zinokubakho kwimodeli enye
  • Izithuba zemibala zinemida echaziweyo kunye neeequation zenguqu

Ukudibanisa vs. Umbala wokuThabatha

Iimodeli zemibala zihlelwa njengezongezo okanye ezithathayo, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezenza ngayo imibala. Iimodeli ezongezelelweyo (ezifana ne-RGB) zidibanisa ukukhanya ukwenza imibala, ngelixa iimodeli ezithathayo (ezifana ne-CMYK) zisebenza ngokufunxa amaza okukhanya.

Umahluko osisiseko ukwindawo yawo yokuqala: umbala owongezelelweyo uqala ngobumnyama (akukho kukhanya) kwaye wongeza ukukhanya okumibalabala ukudala ukuqaqamba, ukufikelela mhlophe xa yonke imibala idityaniswe ngokugqithisileyo. Umbala othabathayo uqala ngomhlophe (njengephepha elingenanto) kwaye wongeze ii-inki ezithabatha (zifunxe) ubude obuthile obungamaza, bufikelele mnyama xa yonke imibala idityaniswe ngokugqithisileyo.

  • Ukongeza: RGB (izikrini, iziboniso zedijithali)
  • Ukuthabatha: CMYK (ushicilelo, imidiya ebonakalayo)
  • Izicelo ezahlukeneyo zifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo
  • Ukuguqulwa kombala phakathi kweenkqubo ezongezelelweyo kunye ne-subtractive zifuna iinguqu ezinzima

Umbala weGamut kunye nobunzulu beBit

Indawo yombala igamut ibhekisa kuluhlu lwemibala enokuthi luyimele. Ubunzulu besuntswana bumisela ukuba mingaphi imibala eyahlukileyo enokumelwa ngaphakathi kwelo gamut. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zinto zichaza amandla esithuba sombala.

Cinga nge-gamut njengephalethi yemibala ekhoyo, kunye nobunzulu obuncinci ngendlela enokuthi ixutywe kakuhle ngayo loo mibala. I-gamut elinganiselweyo isenokuphoswa yimibala ethile edlamkileyo ngokupheleleyo, ngelixa ubunzulu bentwana obungonelanga budala ibhanti ebonakalayo kwiigradient endaweni yotshintsho olugudileyo. Umsebenzi wobuchwephesha uhlala ufuna zombini i-gamut ebanzi kunye nobunzulu obuphezulu be-bit ukuze ubambe kwaye ubonise uluhlu olupheleleyo lolwazi olubonakalayo.

  • Iigamu ezibanzi zinokubonisa imibala eqaqambileyo
  • Ubunzulu obuphezulu buvumela ukuthambeka okugudileyo
  • I-8-bit = amanqanaba angama-256 ngetshaneli nganye (imibala eyi-16.7 yezigidi)
  • I-16-bit = 65,536 amanqanaba kwitshaneli nganye (iibhiliyoni zemibala)
  • Umsebenzi wobuchwephesha udla ngokufuna izithuba ezibanzi-zegamu ezinobunzulu obuphezulu

Izithuba zoMbala we-RGB zichaziwe

Imodeli yoMbala weRGB

I-RGB (Bomvu, Buhlaza, Buhlaza) luhlobo olongezelelekileyo lombala apho ukukhanya okubomvu, okuluhlaza, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kudityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuvelisa uluhlu olubanzi lwemibala. Sisiseko semiboniso yedijithali, ukusuka kwii-smartphones ukuya kwiimonitha zekhompyuter kunye nomabonakude.

Kwimodeli ye-RGB, umjelo ngamnye wombala usebenzisa i-bits ye-8, evumela amanqanaba angama-256 ngetshaneli nganye. Oku kudala ubunzulu bombala obungamasuntswana angama-24 (iisuntswana ezisi-8 × iitshaneli ezi-3), ezikwaziyo ukumela malunga nezigidi eziyi-16.7 zemibala. Usetyenziso lobuchwephesha luhlala lusebenzisa i-10-bit (ngaphezu kwebhiliyoni yemibala ye-1) okanye i-16-bit (ngaphezu kwemibala eyi-281 yetriliyoni) ukulungiselela ukuhlelwa kombala okuchanekileyo.

I-RGB isekwe kwindlela yokujonga indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekukhanyeni, kunye nemibala emithathu ephambili ngokuhambelana neentlobo ezintathu zezamkeli zemibala (iicones) emehlweni ethu. Oku kuyenza ifanele ngokwendalo ukubonisa umxholo wedijithali, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba iindawo ezahlukeneyo zemibala ye-RGB zinokuhluka kakhulu kuluhlu kunye neempawu.

I-sRGB (i-RGB eqhelekileyo)

Iphuhliswe yi-HP kunye neMicrosoft ngo-1996, i-sRGB yeyona ndawo iqhelekileyo yombala esetyenziswa kumfanekiso wedijithali, iimonitha, kunye newebhu. Igubungela malunga ne-35% yemibala ebonakalayo kwaye yenzelwe ukuhambelana nezixhobo zokubonisa ekhaya kunye neofisi.

Ngaphandle kwe-gamut yayo elinganiselweyo, i-sRGB ihlala ingumgangatho womxholo wewebhu kunye nokufota kwabathengi ngenxa yokuhambelana kwayo jikelele. Uninzi lwezixhobo zilinganiswe ukubonisa i-sRGB ngokuchanekileyo ngokungagqibekanga, oko kuyenza ibe lolona khetho lukhuselekileyo xa ufuna imibala engaguqukiyo kwizikrini ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokulawulwa kombala.

Isithuba sombala we-sRGB sayilwa ngabom ngegamut encinci ukuhambelana nesakhono sabahloli beCRT ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990. Lo mda uqhubekile ukuya kwinkqubo yewebhu yangoku, nangona imigangatho emitsha yamkelwa ecaleni kwayo.

  • Isithuba sombala esihlala sikhona kumxholo wedijithali
  • Iqinisekisa inkangeleko engaguqukiyo kuzo zonke izixhobo ezininzi
  • Ilungele umxholo wewebhu kunye nokufota ngokubanzi
  • Isetyenziswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwiikhamera ezininzi zabathengi kunye nee-smartphones
  • Inexabiso le-gamma malunga ne-2.2

I-Adobe RGB (1998)

Iphuhliswe yi-Adobe Systems, i-Adobe RGB ibonelela ngegamut ebanzi kune-sRGB, egubungela malunga ne-50% yombala obonakalayo. Yayiyilwe ngokukodwa ukubandakanya uninzi lwemibala enokufezekiswa kubashicileli bemibala ye-CMYK, iyenza ixabiseke kushicilelo lokuqhutywa komsebenzi.

I-gamut eyandisiweyo ye-Adobe RGB ibonakala ngakumbi kwiimibala eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezihlala zicuthwa kwi-sRGB. Oku kuyenza idume phakathi kwabafoti abachwepheshile kunye nabayili abafuna ukugcina imibala eqaqambileyo, ngakumbi kwimveliso eprintiweyo.

Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili ze-Adobe RGB kukukwazi ukumela uluhlu olubanzi lwemibala egcweleyo kummandla oluhlaza-cyan, obalulekileyo ekufotweni komhlaba kunye nezifundo zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, le nzuzo ibonwa kuphela xa lonke uhambo lomsebenzi (ukubamba, ukuhlela, kunye nemveliso) ixhasa indawo yombala ye-Adobe RGB.

  • I-gamut ebanzi kune-sRGB, ngakumbi kwi-greens kunye ne-cyans
  • Ingcono kushicilelo lokuqhutywa komsebenzi
  • Ikhethwa ngabafoti abaninzi abaziingcali
  • Ifumaneka njengenketho yokuthatha kwiikhamera eziphezulu
  • Ifuna ulawulo lombala ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo

ProPhoto RGB

Iphuhliswe nguKodak, iProPhoto RGB (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiROMM RGB) yenye yezona ndawo zikhulu zemibala yeRGB, equka malunga ne-90% yemibala ebonakalayo. Idlulela ngaphaya koluhlu lombono womntu kwezinye iindawo, ivumela ukuba igcine phantse yonke imibala enokuthi ithathwe yikhamera.

Ngenxa yobukhulu begamut yayo, iProPhoto RGB ifuna ubunzulu obuphezulu besuntswana (i-16-bit ngetshaneli nganye endaweni ye-8-bit) ukunqanda ibhendi kwiigradient. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kuhambo lokufota lobuchwephesha, ngakumbi ngeenjongo zoovimba kunye noshicilelo oluphezulu.

I-ProPhoto RGB yindawo yokusebenza esemgangathweni kwi-Adobe Lightroom kwaye ihlala inconywa ukugcina ulwazi oluphezulu lombala ngexesha lenkqubo yophuhliso ekrwada. Mkhulu kangangokuba eminye yemibala yayo “yentelekelelo” (ngaphandle kombono womntu), kodwa oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mibala ethathwe kwikhamera ekhutshiweyo ngexesha lokuhlelwa.

  • Igamut ebanzi kakhulu egquma eyona mibala ibonakalayo
  • Igcina imibala ebanjwe ziikhamera eziphezulu
  • Ifuna i-16-bit workflow ukunqanda ibhanti
  • Indawo yokusebenza ehlala ikho kwiAdobe Lightroom
  • Ayilunganga kwiifomati zokuhanjiswa kokugqibela ngaphandle kokuguqulwa

Bonisa iP3

Iphuhliswe yi-Apple, i-Display P3 isekelwe kwindawo yombala we-DCI-P3 esetyenziswa kwi-cinema yedijithali. Ibonelela malunga ne-25% ngaphezulu kombala ongaphezulu kune-sRGB, ngakumbi kubomvu kunye nohlaza, okwenza imifanekiso ibonakale idlamkile kwaye ifana nobomi.

I-Display P3 ifumene ukuthandwa okubalulekileyo njengoko ixhaswa zizixhobo ze-Apple, kubandakanya ii-iPhones, ii-iPads, kunye neeMacs ezinomboniso obanzi we-gamut. Imele umhlaba ophakathi phakathi kwe-sRGB kunye nezithuba ezibanzi njenge-Adobe RGB, inika imibala eyongeziweyo ngelixa igcina ukuhambelana okufanelekileyo.

Indawo yemibala ye-P3 yaphuhliswa okokuqala ngqa i-cinema yedijithali (DCI-P3), kodwa i-Apple yayilungelelanisa iteknoloji yokubonisa ngokusebenzisa indawo emhlophe ye-D65 (efana ne-sRGB) endaweni ye-DCI emhlophe. Oku kuyenza ifaneleke ngakumbi kwiindawo ezixubeneyo zemidiya ngelixa isabonelela ngemibala eqaqambileyo ngakumbi kune-sRGB.

  • I-gamut ebanzi kunye nokugubungela okugqwesileyo kobomvu kunye nohlaza
  • Ivela kwimiboniso yeRetina yeApple kunye nezixhobo eziphathwayo
  • Inkxaso ekhulayo kuwo wonke amaqonga edijithali
  • Isebenzisa indawo emhlophe efanayo (D65) njenge-sRGB
  • Ubaluleka ngakumbi kwiwebhu yanamhlanje kunye noyilo lweapp

Rec.2020 (BT.2020)

Iphuhliselwe i-ultra-high-definition kamabonakude (UHDTV), i-Rec.2020 iquka ngaphezulu kwe-75% yemibala ebonakalayo. Inkulu kakhulu kune-sRGB kunye ne-Adobe RGB, ibonelela ngokuveliswa kombala okhethekileyo kumxholo we-4K kunye ne-8K.

Ngelixa iziboniso ezimbalwa okwangoku zinokuphinda zivelise i-gamut epheleleyo ye-Rec.2020, isebenza njengomgangatho ojonge phambili wokuveliswa kwevidiyo ephezulu kunye nenkosi. Njengoko itekhnoloji yokubonisa ihambela phambili, izixhobo ezininzi zisondela kule ndawo ibanzi yombala.

I-Rec.2020 yinxalenye yomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-Ultra HDTV kwaye isetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo ne-High Dynamic Range (HDR) ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-HDR10 kunye ne-Dolby Vision. Igamut yayo ebanzi kakhulu isebenzisa imibala esisiseko ye-monochromatic (i-467nm eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-532nm eluhlaza, kunye ne-630nm ebomvu) ekufutshane nomphetho we-spectrum ebonakalayo, eyivumela ukuba ibandakanye phantse yonke imibala ebonwa ngabantu.

  • I-gamut ebanzi kakhulu yomxholo we-ultra-high-definition
  • Umgangatho wobungqina bexesha elizayo lobuchwephesha obuvelayo bokuboniswa
  • Isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa komsebenzi zevidiyo
  • Inxalenye ye-HDR ecosystem yevidiyo yesizukulwana esilandelayo
  • Okwangoku akukho ziboniso zinokuphinda zivelise iRec.2020 gamut epheleleyo

Izithuba zeMbala ze-CMYK kunye neMveliso yoShicilelo

Imodeli yoMbala ye-CMYK

I-CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key/Black) ngumzekelo wombala othabathayo osetyenziswa ngokuyintloko ekushicileleni. Ngokungafaniyo ne-RGB, eyongeza ukukhanya ukudala imibala, i-CMYK isebenza ngokufunxa (ukususa) amaza amaza athile ukusuka ekukhanyeni okumhlophe, usebenzisa ii-inki ephepheni okanye ezinye ii-substrates.

I-gamut ye-CMYK iqhele ukuba ncinane kunezithuba zemibala ye-RGB, yiyo loo nto imifanekiso yedijithali edlamkileyo ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala imfiliba xa ishicilelwe. Ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-RGB kunye ne-CMYK kubalulekile kubayili kunye nabafoti abenza umxholo wedijithali kunye nemidiya yokushicilela.

Ngokwethiyori, ukudibanisa i-cyan, i-magenta, kunye netyheli ngamandla apheleleyo kufuneka kuvelise umnyama, kodwa ngenxa yokungcola kwii-inki zomhlaba wokwenyani, oku kukhokelela kumdaka omdaka omnyama. Yingakho i-inki emnyama eyahlukileyo (K) yongezwa, inika abamnyama bokwenyani kunye nokuphucula iinkcukacha zesithunzi. “K” imele “Isitshixo” kuba ipleyiti emnyama inika iinkcukacha eziphambili kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweminye imibala kushicilelo lwemveli.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamaphepha, iindlela zokuprinta, kunye nokwenziwa kwe-inki kunokuchaphazela kakhulu indlela imibala ye-CMYK ebonakala ngayo kwisiphumo sokugqibela. Yiyo loo nto ukuqhutywa koshicilelo lobuchwephesha kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulawulo lwemibala kunye neenkcukacha ezisemgangathweni zeCMYK ezilungiselelwe iimeko ezithile zemveliso.

Izithuba zeMbala zeCMYK eziqhelekileyo

Ngokungafaniyo ne-RGB, echaza ngokucacileyo izithuba zemibala ezifana ne-sRGB kunye ne-Adobe RGB, izithuba zemibala ye-CMYK zihluka ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokushicilela, iindidi zephepha, kunye nokwakheka kwe-inki. Eminye imigangatho eqhelekileyo ye-CMYK ibandakanya:

  • U.S. Web Coated (SWOP) v2 – Umgangatho woshicilelo lwe-web offset kuMntla Melika
  • Ifakwe iFOGRA39 (ISO 12647-2:2004) – Umgangatho waseYurophu wephepha eligqunyiweyo
  • Umbala waseJapan 2001 Coated – Umgangatho woshicilelo lweoffset eJapan
  • GRACoL 2006 Coated -Iinkcukacha zoshicilelo oluphezulu lwentengiso
  • IFOGRA27 -Umgangatho wephepha eligqunyiweyo eYurophu (uguqulelo oludala)
  • U.S. Sheetfed Coated v2 – Kushicilelo lwe-sheet-fed offset kwiphepha eligqunyiweyo
  • U.S. Uncoated v2 – Ukushicilela kumaphepha angagqunywanga
  • IFOGRA47 – Yephepha elingagqunywanga eYurophu

RGB ukuya CMYK Conversion

Ukuguqula ukusuka kwi-RGB ukuya kwi-CMYK kubandakanya zombini ukuguqulwa kombala wezibalo kunye nemephu ye-gamut, kuba i-CMYK ayinakuphinda ivelise yonke imibala ye-RGB. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengokuguqulwa kombala, ngumba obalulekileyo wokuhamba komsebenzi woshicilelo.

Uguqulo lwe-RGB ukuya kwi-CMYK luntsonkothile kuba lutshintsha ukusuka kwisidibanisi ukuya kwimodeli yombala othabathayo ngelixa ngaxeshanye imephu yemibala ukusuka kwigamut enkulu ukuya kwencinci. Ngaphandle kolawulo olululo lombala, iiblues eziphilileyo kunye nohlaza kwi-RGB zinokuba buthuntu kwaye zibe nodaka kwi-CMYK, iibomvu zinokutshintshela kwiorenji, kwaye ukuhluka kombala ofihlakeleyo kunokulahleka.

  • Ifuna iinkqubo zokulawula umbala ukuchaneka
  • Kufuneka yenziwe kusetyenziswa iinkangeleko ze-ICC ngeziphumo ezingcono
  • Ihlala itshintsha inkangeleko yemibala edlamkileyo
  • Eyona nto yenziwe emva kwexesha kwinkqubo yemveliso
  • Ubungqina obuthambileyo bunokubona kwangaphambili inkangeleko yeCMYK kwiziboniso zeRGB
  • Iinjongo zonikezelo ezahlukeneyo zenza iziphumo ezahlukeneyo

Imibala yeSpot kunye neGamut eyandisiweyo

Ukoyisa imida ye-CMYK, ushicilelo luhlala lubandakanya imibala yamabala (efana ne-Pantone) okanye iinkqubo zegamut ezandisiweyo ezongeza i-inks eziorenji, eziluhlaza, kunye ne-violet (CMYK+OGV) ukwandisa uluhlu lwemibala ephindaphindwayo.

Imibala yamabala zii-inki ezixubene ngokukodwa ezisetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa imibala ngqo, ngakumbi kwizinto zophawu olufana neelogo. Ngokungafaniyo nemibala yenkqubo ye-CMYK edalwe ngokudibanisa amachaphaza e-inki ezine ezisemgangathweni, imibala yamabala ixutywa kwangaphambili kwifomula echanekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuhambelana okugqibeleleyo kuzo zonke izinto eziprintiweyo.

  • I-Pantone Matching System ibonelela ngemibala yendawo esemgangathweni
  • Ushicilelo olwandisiweyo lwe-gamut lusondela kuluhlu lwemibala ye-RGB
  • I-Hexachrome kunye nezinye iinkqubo zongeza ii-inki eziphambili ezongezelelweyo
  • Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuchaneka kombala we-brand kwi-package kunye nokuthengisa
  • Iinkqubo ze-CMYK + Orange, Green, Violet (7-umbala) zinokuphinda zivelise ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90% yemibala yePantone.
  • Oomatshini bokushicilela bedijithali banamhlanje badla ngokuxhasa ushicilelo olwandisiweyo lwe-gamut

ILab kunye neSixhobo-Izikhala zeMbala eziZimeleyo

Iimodeli zeMbala ezizimeleyo zesixhobo

Ngokungafaniyo ne-RGB kunye ne-CMYK, ezixhomekeke kwisixhobo (inkangeleko yazo iyahluka ngokusekelwe kwi-hardware), izithuba zemibala ezizimeleyo ezifana ne-CIE L*a*b* (Lab) kunye ne-CIE XYZ zijolise ekuchazeni imibala njengoko ibonwa ngeliso lomntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ibonakaliswe njani okanye yenziwe njani.

Ezi zithuba zemibala zisebenza njengesiseko senkqubo yokulawula imibala yanamhlanje, esebenza “njengomguquleli wendalo yonke” phakathi kwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neemodeli zemibala. Zisekwe phezu kokuqonda kwezenzululwazi ngembono yemibala yabantu kunesakhono sesixhobo.

Izithuba zemibala ezizimeleyo ezixhomekeke kwisixhobo ziyimfuneko kuba zibonelela ngereferensi ezinzileyo kwindlela yokusebenza yokulawula umbala. Ngelixa amanani afanayo e-RGB anokubonakala ahlukile kwiimonitha ezahlukeneyo, ixabiso lombala weLebhu limele umbala ofanayo obonwayo nokuba sisiphi isixhobo. Yingakho iLebhu isebenza njengeNdawo yoQhagamshelwano lweProfayili (PCS) kulawulo lwemibala ye-ICC, iququzelela ukuguqulwa okuchanekileyo phakathi kwezithuba zemibala eyahlukeneyo.

I-CIE XYZ Indawo yoMbala

Yadalwa ngo-1931 yiKomishoni yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuKhanya (CIE), indawo yombala we-XYZ yayiyindawo yokuqala echazwe ngokwemathematika. Ibandakanya yonke imibala ebonakalayo kwiliso lomntu eliqhelekileyo kwaye isebenza njengesiseko sezinye iindawo zemibala.

Kwi-XYZ, u-Y umele ukukhanya, ngelixa u-X kunye no-Z bengamaxabiso angabonakaliyo anxulumene nenxalenye yechromatic yombala. Esi sithuba sisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengomgangatho wereferensi kwaye kunqabile ukukhowudwa komfanekiso othe ngqo. Ihlala isisiseko kwisayensi yemibala kunye nesiseko sokuguqulwa kombala.

Indawo yombala yeCIE XYZ ithathwe kuthotho lweemvavanyo kwimbono yombala womntu. Abaphandi benza imephu yendlela umntu oqhelekileyo abone ngayo ubude bamaza okukhanya ohlukeneyo, ukudala into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-CIE 1931 indawo yombala, equka i-chromaticity diagram “emile okwesihlangu sehashe” eyenza yonke imibala ebonakalayo ebantwini.

  • Isiseko somlinganiselo wombala wenzululwazi
  • Ibandakanya yonke imibala ebonakalayo yomntu
  • Isetyenziswa njengesalathiso sokuguqulwa kombala
  • Ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yombono wombala womntu
  • Iphuhliswe kusetyenziswa imodeli yomkhanyo esemgangathweni

CIE L*a*b* (Lab) Isithuba soMbala

Yaphuhliswa ngo-1976, i-CIE L*a*b* (ehlala ibizwa ngokuba yi-“Lab”) iyilelwe ukuba ifane ngokubonakalayo, oku kuthetha ukuba imigama elinganayo kwindawo yombala ihambelana ngokuqikelelwayo ngokulinganayo okubonwayo umahluko ngombala. Oku kuyenza ilungele ukulinganisa umahluko wemibala kunye nokwenza izilungiso zemibala.

KwiLebhu, uL* umele ukukhanya (0-100), u-a* umele umgca ohamba ngombala obomvu-obomvu, kwaye u-b* umele umgca ohamba ngebhlowu-tyheli. Oku kwahlulwa kokukhanya kulwazi lombala kwenza iLabhu ibe luncedo ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yokuhlela imifanekiso efana nokulungelelanisa umahluko ngaphandle kokuchaphazela imibala.

ILab yokujonga ukufana kwenza ukuba ixabiseke kakhulu kulungiso lombala kunye nolawulo lomgangatho. Ukuba imibala emibini inomahluko omncinci wamanani kumaxabiso eLebhu, iya kubonakala yahluke kancinane kuphela kubakhi-mkhanyo babantu. Le propati ayiyonyani kwi-RGB okanye kwi-CMYK, apho umahluko wamanani ofanayo unokukhokelela kutshintsho oluqikelelwayo olwahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo apho imibala ikhoyo.

  • Ngokucacileyo iyunifomu yokulinganisa umbala ochanekileyo
  • Ukwahlula ukukhanya kulwazi lombala
  • Isetyenziswe kuhlelo oluphezulu lomfanekiso kunye nokulungiswa kombala
  • Inxalenye engundoqo ye-ICC yolawulo lokuhamba komsebenzi
  • Unokubonisa imibala ngaphandle kwe-gamut ye-RGB kunye ne-CMYK
  • Isetyenziselwa izibalo zomahluko wombala weDelta-E

CIE L*u*v* Isithuba soMbala

I-CIE L*u*v* yaphuhliswa ecaleni kwe-L*a*b* njengenye indawo yombala ofanayo. Iluncedo kakhulu kwizicelo ezibandakanya ukudibanisa kombala kunye neziboniso, ngelixa i-L*a*b* ihlala ikhethwa kwiindlela ezithathayo zombala njengoshicilelo.

NjengeLebhu, uL*u*v* usebenzisa i-L* kukukhanya, ngelixa u-u* kunye no-v* zizilungelelaniso zechromaticity. Esi sithuba sombala siqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokusasaza zikamabonakude kunye nokubalwa kombala umahluko kubugcisa bokubonisa.

Omnye umahluko ophambili phakathi kwe-L*a*b* kunye ne-L*u*v* kukuba i-L*u*v* yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuphatha kakuhle imibala ephumayo kunye nokukhanya. Ibandakanya ukukwazi ukumela imibala ngokwemigaqo yolungelelwaniso lwechromaticity enokuthi idityaniswe ngokulula kunye nemizobo yechromaticity esetyenziswa kwi-colorimetry kunye noyilo lokukhanyisa.

  • Ifaneleke kakuhle kwizicelo zombala ezongezelelweyo
  • Isetyenziswa kumabonwakude nakumashishini osasazo
  • Ibonelela ngemilinganiselo efanayo yokwahlukana kombala
  • Ingcono kwimibala engasebenziyo kunye noyilo lokukhanyisa
  • Ibandakanya imephu yobushushu bombala ehambelanayo

I-HSL, i-HSV, kunye neZithuba zeMbala zokuqonda

I-Intuitive Color Representment

Ngelixa i-RGB kunye ne-CMYK zichaza imibala ngokwemigaqo yokuxuba imibala ephambili, i-HSL (i-Hue, i-Saturation, i-Lightness) kunye ne-HSV/HSB (i-Hue, i-Saturation, i-Value / Brightness) ibonisa imibala ngendlela ecacileyo kwindlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngombala.

Ezi zithuba zahlula amacandelo ombala (i-hue) kwiimpawu zobunzima (ukuzaliseka kunye nokukhanya / ukukhanya), okwenza ukuba zibe luncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekukhethweni kombala, ukuyila kwe-UI, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa apho ulungelelaniso lombala olucacileyo lubalulekile.

Inzuzo ephambili ye-HSL kunye ne-HSV kukuba zilungelelanisa ngokusondeleyo nendlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngokwendalo kwaye bayichaze imibala. Xa umntu efuna ukwenza “umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” okanye “obomvu oqaqambileyo,” bacinga ngokwemibala, ukugcwala, kunye nokuqaqamba — hayi ngokwemilinganiselo yeRGB. Kungenxa yoko le nto abakhethi bemibala kwisoftware yoyilo bahlala bebonisa zombini izilayidi ze-RGB kunye nokhetho lwe-HSL/HSV.

Isithuba soMbala we-HSL

I-HSL imele imibala kwi-cylindrical coordinate system, kunye ne-Hue njenge-engile (0-360 °) emele uhlobo lombala, i-Saturation (0-100%) ebonisa ubukhulu bombala, kunye nokuKhanya (0-100%) echaza ukuba ukukhanya okanye mnyama umbala.

I-HSL iluncedo kakhulu kwizicelo zoyilo kuba iiparameters zayo zenza imephu ngendlela esichaza ngayo imibala. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphuhliso lwewebhu nge CSS, apho imibala inokuchazwa kusetyenziswa hsl () umsebenzi. Oku kwenza ukuyila izikimu zemibala kunye nokulungelelanisa imibala yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zojongano (hover, esebenzayo, njl.njl.) kakhulu ngakumbi.

  • Umbala: Umbala wesiseko (obomvu, tyheli, luhlaza, njl.njl.)
  • Ukuzaliseka: Ukuqina kombala ukusuka kungwevu (0%) ukuya kumbala osulungekileyo (100%)
  • Ukukhanya: Ukukhanya ukusuka kumnyama (0%) ukuya kumbala omhlophe (100%)
  • Okuqhelekileyo kuyilo lwewebhu kunye neenkcukacha zombala weCSS
  • Ukukhanya okuphezulu (100%) kuhlala kuvelisa umhlophe kungakhathaliseki i-hue
  • Imodeli ye-Symmetrical kunye nokukhanya okuphakathi (50%) kwimibala ecocekileyo

HSV/HSB Indawo yoMbala

I-HSV (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-HSB) iyafana ne-HSL kodwa isebenzisa ixabiso/UkuKhanya endaweni yokuKhanya. Kwi-HSV, ukukhanya okukhulu (100%) kuvelisa umbala opheleleyo kungakhathaliseki ukuhluthwa, ngelixa kwi-HSL, ukukhanya okuphezulu kuhlala kuvelisa okumhlophe.

Imodeli ye-HSV isoloko ikhethwa kujongano lokuchola imibala kuba yenza imephu ngokuqonda ngakumbi kwindlela amagcisa axuba ngayo imibala kunye nepeyinti-iqala ngomnyama (akukho kukhanya / xabiso) kwaye yongeza i-pigment ukudala imibala yokukhanya okwandayo. Inomdla ngakumbi wokwenza izithunzi kunye neethoni zombala ngelixa ugcina i-hue yawo.

  • Umbala: Umbala wesiseko (obomvu, tyheli, luhlaza, njl.njl.)
  • Ukuzaliseka: Ukuqina kombala ukusuka kumhlophe/ngwevu (0%) ukuya kumbala osulungekileyo (100%)
  • Ixabiso/Ukukhanya: Ukuqina ukusuka kumnyama (0%) ukuya kumbala opheleleyo (100%)
  • Idla ngokusetyenziswa kwigraphic design software color pickers
  • Ixabiso eliphezulu (100%) livelisa umbala ogcweleyo kakhulu
  • I-intuitive ngakumbi yokudala i-shades kunye neethoni

Inkqubo yeMbala yeMunsell

Inkqubo ye-Munsell yindawo yembali yombono wombala oququzelela imibala kwimilinganiselo emithathu: i-hue, ixabiso (ukukhanya), kunye ne-chroma (ukucoceka kombala). Yadalwa ukubonelela ngendlela ehleliweyo yokuchaza imibala esekelwe kwimbono yabantu.

Iphuhliswe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 nguNjingalwazi uAlbert H. Munsell, le nkqubo yayinenguqu enkulu kuba yayiyeyokuqala ukulungelelanisa imibala ngokusekelwe kwingcamango efanayo kuneempawu ezibonakalayo. Ngokungafaniyo nezithuba zemibala yedijithali yanamhlanje, yayiyinkqubo yomzimba esebenzisa iitshiphusi ezipeyintwe ngombala ezicwangciswe kwindawo enemigangatho emithathu.

  • Idala iimodeli zemibala yedijithali kodwa isasetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo
  • Impembelelo ekuphuhliseni ithiyori yemibala yanamhlanje
  • Isasetyenziswa kuhlelo lomhlaba, imfundo yobugcisa, kunye nohlalutyo lwemibala
  • Ngokusekwe kwisithuba sokuqonda kuneefomula zemathematika
  • Ulungelelanisa imibala kwisakhiwo esifana nomthi kunye ne-hue ephuma kwi-axis esembindini

Isithuba soMbala we-HCL

I-HCL (i-Hue, i-Chroma, i-Luminance) yindawo yombala efanayo edibanisa ubume obucacileyo be-HSL kunye nokuqonda okufanayo kweLebhu. Iluncedo ngakumbi ekudaleni iipalethi zemibala kunye neegradient ezibonakala zingaguquguquki ekuqaqambeni kunye nokugcwala.

Ngelixa ingasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi kwisoftware njenge-HSL okanye i-HSV, i-HCL (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-LCh xa iiparamitha zi-odolwa ngokwahlukileyo) ifumana ukuthandwa kokubonwa kunye noyilo lwedatha kuba idala izikali zombala eziqondayo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kumbono wedatha apho umbala usetyenziselwa ukumela amaxabiso.

  • Ngokucacileyo iyunifomu ngokungafaniyo ne-HSL/HSV
  • Igqwesileyo ekudaleni izikali zombala ezihambelanayo
  • Ngokusekwe kwisithuba sombala weLebhu kodwa ngolungelelwaniso lwepolar
  • Ukusetyenziswa ngokunyukayo kwimbonakalo yedatha kunye noyilo lolwazi
  • Yenza izikimu zemibala ezihambelanayo kunye nezilungelelanisiweyo

I-YCbCr kunye nezithuba zeMbala zeVidiyo

Ukwahlulwa kweLuminance-Chrominance

Iinkqubo zoxinzelelo lwevidiyo kunye nomfanekiso zihlala zisebenzisa izithuba zemibala ezahlula ukukhanya (ukukhanya) kwi-chrominance (umbala) ulwazi. Le ndlela ithatha ithuba lobuntununtunu obuphezulu benkqubo yokubona komntu kwiinkcukacha zokuqaqamba kunokwahluka kwemibala.

Ngokufaka ikhowudi yokukhanya kwisisombululo esiphezulu kuneenxalenye zechrominance, ezi zithuba zenza kube lula ukucinezelwa kwedatha ngelixa ugcina umgangatho womfanekiso obonwayo. Esi sisiseko seefomati ezininzi zevidiyo zedijithali kunye nobuchwepheshe boxinzelelo.

Inkqubo yokubona komntu ivakalelwa ngakumbi kukutshintsha kokuqaqamba kunokutshintsha kombala. Le nyaniso yebhayoloji ixhatshazwa kuxinzelelo lwevidiyo ngokunikezela ngaphezulu kwe-bandwidth kulwazi lokukhanya kunokufaka umbala. Le ndlela, ebizwa ngokuba yi-chroma subsampling, inokunciphisa ubungakanani befayile nge-50% okanye ngaphezulu ngelixa igcina umgangatho wokubonwayo obonakala uphantse ufane nomthombo ongaxinzelelwanga.

Isithuba soMbala we-YCbCr

I-YCbCr yeyona ndawo iqhelekileyo yombala esetyenziswa kwividiyo yedijithali kunye noxinzelelo lomfanekiso. I-Y imele ukukhanya, ngelixa i-Cb kunye ne-Cr ziyi-blue-difference kunye ne-red-difference chrominance components. Esi sithuba sinxulumene ngokusondeleyo neYUV kodwa silungiselelwe iinkqubo zedijithali.

Imifanekiso yeJPEG, iividiyo zeMPEG, kunye neefomathi ezininzi zedijithali zisebenzisa i-YCbCr encoding. Inkqubo esemgangathweni “ye-chroma subsampling” (ukunciphisa isisombululo se-Cb kunye ne-Cr channels) kwezi fomati zinokwenzeka ngenxa yokwahlukana kwe-luminance-chrominance.

I-Chroma subsampling idla ngokuchazwa njengomlinganiselo wamanani amathathu, anje nge-4:2:0 okanye 4:2:2. Kwi-4: 2: i-subsampling ye-0 (ixhaphakile kwividiyo yokusasaza), kwiisampulu ezine zokukhanya, kukho iisampulu ezimbini kuphela zechrominance ngokuthe tye kwaye akukho nanye ngokuthe nkqo. Oku kunciphisa isisombululo sombala kwikota enye yesisombululo sokukhanya, ukunciphisa kakhulu ubungakanani befayile ngelixa ugcina umgangatho obalaseleyo obonwayo.

  • Isetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iifomati zevidiyo zedijithali
  • Isiseko soxinzelelo lwemifanekiso yeJPEG
  • Yenza isampulu esebenzayo yechroma (4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4)
  • Kukho iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yevidiyo
  • Isetyenziswe kwi-H.264, H.265, VP9, kunye ne-AV1 codecs

Isithuba soMbala we-YUV

I-YUV yaphuhliswa kwiinkqubo zikamabonwakude ze-analog ukubonelela ngokuhambelana ngasemva phakathi kombala kunye nosasazo olumnyama nolumhlophe. Njenge-YCbCr, yahlula ukukhanya (Y) kwi-chrominance (U kunye ne-V) amacandelo.

Ngelixa i-YUV ihlala isetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo ukubhekisa kuyo nayiphi na ifomathi ye-luminance-chrominance, i-YUV yokwenyani igxile kwimigangatho kamabonakude we-analog. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zedijithali zisebenzisa i-YCbCr, nangona amagama ebhideka rhoqo okanye esetyenziswa ngokutshintshanayo.

Uphuhliso lwangaphambili lweYUV lwaluyimpumelelo yobunjineli ephawulekayo eyasombulula umngeni wokusasaza iimpawu zeTV zemibala ngelixa ugcina ukuhambelana nomabonakude okhoyo omnyama nomhlophe. Ngokufaka ikhowudi yombala wolwazi ngendlela yokuba iiTV ezimnyama namhlophe zingayihoyi, iinjineli zenze inkqubo apho usasazo olunye lunokujongwa kuzo zombini iindidi zeeseti.

  • Ukubaluleka ngokwembali kuphuhliso losasazo lukamabonakude
  • Idla ngokusetyenziswa ngokungachanekanga njengegama eliqhelekileyo le-YCbCr
  • Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikhona kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ye-analog TV
  • I-PAL, i-NTSC, kunye neenkqubo ze-SECAM zisebenzise ukuphunyezwa kwe-YUV eyahlukeneyo
  • Yenziwe umva ukuhambelana nomabonakude omnyama namhlophe

Rec.709 kunye neVidiyo yeHD

I-Rec.709 (I-ITU-R Ingcebiso BT.709) ichaza indawo yombala kunye neeparitha ze-encoding ze-high-definition kamabonakude. Ikhankanya zombini iiprimaries zeRGB kunye neYCbCr encoding kumxholo weHD, enegamut efana nesRGB.

Lo mgangatho uqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwi-HD imveliso yevidiyo kunye nokuboniswa kuzo zonke izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza. Ibandakanya iinkcukacha zeeprimaries zemibala, imisebenzi yokudlulisa (i-gamma), kunye ne-matrix coefficients ye-RGB ukuya kukuguqulwa kwe-YCbCr.

I-Rec.709 yasekwa ngo-1990 njengomgangatho we-HDTV, ingakhankanyi nje kuphela indawo yombala kodwa kunye namazinga efreyimu, isisombululo, kunye ne-aspect ratios. Ijiko layo le-gamma lahluke kancinane kwi-sRGB, nangona babelana ngemibala yokuqala efanayo. Ngelixa i-Rec.709 yayiyinguqu ngexesha layo, imigangatho emitsha efana ne-Rec.2020 kunye neefomathi ze-HDR zibonelela ngokubonakalayo okubanzi kombala we-gamuts kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo.

  • Indawo yombala esemgangathweni kamabonakude weHD
  • I-gamut efanayo kwi-sRGB kodwa inokufakwa kweekhowudi ezahlukeneyo
  • Isetyenziswa kwiidiski ze-Blu-ray kunye nosasazo lwe-HD
  • Ichaza umsebenzi othile wodluliselo ongengomda (gamma)
  • Ukuxhaswa ngemigangatho ye-HDR efana ne-PQ kunye ne-HLG

Uluhlu oluPhezulu lweVidiyo

Uluhlu oluPhezulu lweDynamic (HDR) ividiyo yandisa zombini umbala wegamut kunye noluhlu lokuqaqamba kwevidiyo yemveli. Imigangatho efana ne-HDR10, i-Dolby Vision, kunye ne-HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) ichaza indlela olu luhlu olwandisiweyo lufakwe ngayo ikhowudi kwaye luboniswe.

Ividiyo ye-HDR ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa imisebenzi emitsha yokudlulisa (EOTF) njenge-PQ (i-Perceptual Quantizer, esemgangathweni njenge-SMPTE I-ST 2084) enokubonisa uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwamanqanaba okukhanya kuneegophe ze-gamma zendabuko. Idityaniswe neegamu zemibala ebanzi efana ne-P3 okanye i-Rec.2020, oku kudala amava okujonga okunenyani ngakumbi kunye nokuntywila.

Umahluko phakathi komxholo we-SDR kunye ne-HDR uyamangalisa – i-HDR inokumela yonke into ukusuka kwizithunzi ezinzulu ukuya kwizinto eziqaqambileyo kwisakhelo esinye, esifana nendlela iliso lomntu elibona ngayo izigcawu zangempela. Oku kuphelisa imfuno yokuthotyelwa kokuvezwa kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo obeluyimfuneko kuyo yonke imbali yefilimu kunye nevidiyo.

  • Yandisa zombini uluhlu lwemibala kunye noluhlu lokuqaqamba
  • Isebenzisa imisebenzi yodluliselo emitsha efana ne-PQ kunye ne-HLG
  • I-HDR10 ibonelela ngombala we-10-bit kunye nemethadatha emileyo
  • I-Dolby Vision inikezela ngombala we-12-bit kunye nemetadata yescene-by-scene
  • I-HLG yenzelwe ukuhambelana nosasazo

Ukuthelekisa iZithuba zoMbala eziqhelekileyo

Izithuba zemibala ngokuJonga nje

Olu thelekiso lugxininisa iimpawu eziphambili kunye namatyala okusetyenziswa kweendawo eziqhelekileyo zombala. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile ekukhetheni indawo yombala efanelekileyo kwiimfuno zakho ezithile.

Uthelekiso lweZithuba zeMbala zeRGB

  • sRGB: Igamut encinci, umgangatho wewebhu, ukuhambelana jikelele
  • Adobe RGB: I-gamut ebanzi, ingcono ukuprintwa, ngakumbi kwiindawo eziluhlaza-cyan
  • Bonisa i-P3: Uphuculo olubomvu kunye nohlaza, olusetyenziswa zizixhobo ze-Apple
  • IproPhoto RGB: Igamut ebanzi kakhulu, ifuna ubunzulu be-16-bit, ilungele ukufota
  • Rec.2020: I-Ultra-wide gamut ye-4K/8K ividiyo, umgangatho ogxile kwixesha elizayo

Iimpawu zeSithuba soMbala

  • CMYK: I-subtractive, i-print-oriented, i-gamut encinci kune-RGB
  • ILab: Isixhobo asixhomekekanga, siyafana, eyona gamut inkulu
  • HSL/HSV: Ukhetho lombala olucacileyo, hayi ngendlela efanayo
  • YCbCr: Yahlula ukukhanya kumbala, ilungiselelwe ucinezelo
  • XYZ: Indawo yereferensi yenzululwazi yemibala, ayisetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwimifanekiso

Sebenzisa i-Case Comendations

  • IWebhu kunye neDijithali Umxholo: I-sRGB okanye i-Display P3 (ene-sRGB fallback)
  • Ukufota ngobuNgcali: I-Adobe RGB okanye iProPhoto RGB kwi-16-bit
  • Imveliso yoshicilelo: I-Adobe RGB yendawo yokusebenza, iprofayili yeCMYK yemveliso
  • Uveliso lweVidiyo: I-Rec.709 ye-HD, i-Rec.2020 ye-UHD/HDR
  • UbuGcisa beDijithali kunye noYilo: I-Adobe RGB okanye iDisplay P3
  • Ukulungiswa koMbala: ILab yohlengahlengiso oluzimeleyo kwisixhobo
  • UI/UX uyilo: I-HSL/HSV yokukhetha umbala ocacileyo
  • Uxinzelelo lwevidiyo: YCbCr enesampulu ezifanelekileyo zechroma

Ulawulo oluSebenzayo lweNdawo yoMbala

IiNkqubo zoLawulo lweMibala

Iinkqubo zolawulo lwemibala (i-CMS) ziqinisekisa ukuveliswa kombala ngokungaguqukiyo kuzo zonke izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngokusebenzisa iiprofayili zesixhobo kunye noguqulo lwendawo yombala. Zibalulekile kumsebenzi wobuchwephesha wokufota, uyilo, kunye noshicilelo.

Isiseko solawulo lwemibala yanamhlanje yinkqubo yeprofayili ye-ICC (International Color Consortium). Ezi profayile zichaza iimpawu zemibala yezixhobo ezithile okanye izithuba zemibala, zivumela iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo phakathi kwazo. Ngaphandle kolawulo olufanelekileyo lwemibala, amaxabiso afanayo e-RGB anokubonakala ahluke kakhulu kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo.

  • Ngokusekwe kwiiprofayile ze-ICC ezibonisa ukuziphatha kombala wesixhobo
  • Isebenzisa iiprofayili ezizimeleyo kwisixhobo (njengeLab) njengendawo yotshintshiselwano
  • Iphatha imephu ye-gamut yeendawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingwa
  • Ibonelela ngeenjongo zonikezelo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo zoguqulo
  • Ixhasa zombini ikhonkco yesixhobo kunye noguqulo lwamanyathelo amaninzi

Bonisa ulungelelwaniso

Ukulinganisa ukulinganisa sisiseko solawulo lombala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umboniso wakho umele imibala ngokuchanekileyo. Ngaphandle kwemonitha elinganisiweyo, zonke ezinye iinzame zokulawula umbala zinokujongelwa phantsi.

Ulungelelwaniso lubandakanya ukunyenyisa iisetingi zemonitha yakho kunye nokudala iprofayile ye-ICC elungisa nakuphi na ukunxaxha kwindlela yokuziphatha esemgangathweni. Le nkqubo idla ngokufuna i-colorimeter yehardware okanye i-spectrophotometer yeziphumo ezichanekileyo, nangona ulungelelwaniso lwesoftware olusisiseko lungcono kunokungabikho kwaphela.

  • Izixhobo zokulinganisa i-Hardware zibonelela ngezona ziphumo zichanekileyo
  • Lungisa indawo emhlophe, igamma, kunye nokuphendula kombala
  • Yenza iprofayile ye-ICC esetyenziswa yinkqubo yokulawula imibala
  • Kufuneka zenziwe rhoqo njengoko iziboniso zitshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha
  • Iziboniso zobuchwephesha zihlala zineempawu zolungelelwaniso lwehardware

Ukusebenza ngezithuba zeMbala zeKhamera

Iikhamera zedijithali zithatha imifanekiso kwiindawo zazo zemibala, ezithi ziguqulelwe kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo ezifana ne-sRGB okanye i-Adobe RGB. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile kuhambo oluchanekileyo lokufota.

Ikhamera nganye inenzwa ekhethekileyo kunye neempawu zayo zokuphendula umbala. Abavelisi bekhamera baphuhlisa i-algorithms yobunikazi ukusetyenzwa kwedatha yenzwa ekrwada kwiindawo ezisemgangathweni zombala. Xa udubula ngefomathi ye-RAW, unolawulo ngakumbi kule nkqubo yokuguqula, ivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo ngakumbi lombala.

  • Iifayile ze-RAW ziqulethe yonke idatha yombala ebanjwe yinzwa
  • Iifayile zeJPEG ziguqulelwa kwi-sRGB okanye kwi-Adobe RGB ekwikhamera
  • Iiprofayile zekhamera zinokubonisa iimpendulo zemibala ethile yekhamera
  • Iindawo zokusebenza ezibanzi-gamut zigcina eyona datha yekhamera
  • IiProfayili zoMbala we-DNG (DCP) zibonelela ngedatha yombala wekhamera echanekileyo

Iingqwalaselo zoMbala eziKhuselekileyo kwiWebhu

Ngelixa izikhangeli zewebhu zanamhlanje zixhasa ulawulo lombala, iziboniso ezininzi kunye nezixhobo azikwenzi. Ukudala umxholo wewebhu obonakala uhambelana kuzo zonke izixhobo kufuna ukuqonda le mida.

Iqonga lewebhu lisiya kulawulo olungcono lombala, kunye neNqanaba lesi-4 leModyuli yeCSS yongeza inkxaso yokuchaza indawo yombala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhambelana okuphezulu, kusabalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo imida ye-sRGB kunye nokubonelela ngokusilela okufanelekileyo kumxholo obanzi wegamut.

  • I-sRGB ihlala ilolona khetho lukhuselekileyo lokuhambelana jikelele
  • Iinkangeleko zombala zihlome kwimifanekiso yeebhrawuza eziyixhasayo
  • IModyuli yoMbala we-CSS iNqanaba lesi-4 longeza iinkcukacha zendawo yombala
  • Uphuculo oluqhubela phambili lwemiboniso ye-gamut ebanzi inokwenzeka
  • Cinga ngokusebenzisa imibuzo ye-@media ukufumana iziboniso ezibanzi

Ukuhamba koMveliso wokuShicilela

Ukuqhutywa koshicilelo lobuchwephesha kufuna ulawulo ngononophelo lwendawo yombala ukusuka ekubanjweni ukuya kwisiphumo sokugqibela. Utshintsho ukusuka kwi-RGB ukuya kwi-CMYK linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekufuneka liphathwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ushicilelo lwezoRhwebo lusebenzisa izithuba ezisemgangathweni ze-CMYK ezisekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zoshicilelo. Le migangatho iqinisekisa iziphumo ezihambelanayo kubo bonke ababoneleli boshicilelo kunye noomatshini bokushicilela. Abaqulunqi kufuneka baqonde ukuba yeyiphi indawo yombala we-CMYK esetyenziswa ngumshicileli wabo kwaye babandakanye olo lwazi kumsebenzi wabo.

  • Ubungqina obuthambileyo bulinganisa imveliso eprintiweyo kwiscreen
  • Iiprofayili zomshicileli zibonisa isixhobo esithile kunye neendibaniselwano zephepha
  • Iinjongo zonikezelo zimisela indlela yokwenza imephu ye-gamut
  • Imbuyekezo yenqaku elimnyama igcina iinkcukacha zesithunzi
  • Iiprinta zobungqina ziqinisekisa ukuchaneka kombala ngaphambi kokuveliswa kokugqibela

UHlelo loMbala weVidiyo

Ukuveliswa kwevidiyo kubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwendawo enzima yemibala, ngakumbi ngokunyuka kwe-HDR kunye neefomathi ze-wide-gamut. Ukuqonda umbhobho opheleleyo ukusuka ekufakweni kwedatha ukuya ekuhanjisweni kubalulekile.

Imveliso yevidiyo yanamhlanje ihlala isebenzisa i-Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) njengesakhelo sokulawula umbala esisemgangathweni. I-ACES ibonelela ngendawo yokusebenza eqhelekileyo kuyo yonke i-footage kungakhathaliseki ukuba ikhamera esetyenzisiweyo, yenza lula inkqubo yokufanisa izithonga ezivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye nokulungiselela umxholo kwiifomathi zokuhambisa ezininzi.

  • Iifomathi zelog zigcina uluhlu oluphezulu oluguquguqukayo olusuka kwiikhamera
  • Iindawo zokusebenza ezifana ne-ACES zibonelela ngolawulo olusemgangathweni lwemibala
  • Imigangatho ye-HDR ibandakanya imisebenzi yokudlulisa i-PQ kunye ne-HLG
  • Ukuhanjiswa kwefomathi kunokufuna iinguqulelo zesithuba esinemibala emininzi
  • I-LUTs (Iitheyibhile zokujonga phezulu) zinceda ukulungelelanisa ukuguqulwa kwemibala

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo malunga nezithuba zeMibala

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwemodeli yombala kunye nendawo yombala?

Imodeli yombala sisakhelo sethiyori sokumela imibala usebenzisa amanani amanani (njenge-RGB okanye i-CMYK), ngelixa isithuba sombala siphunyezo oluthile lomfuziselo wombala oneeparamitha ezichaziweyo. Umzekelo, i-RGB imodeli yombala, ngelixa i-sRGB kunye ne-Adobe RGB zizithuba zemibala ethile esekelwe kwimodeli ye-RGB, nganye ine-gamuts kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo. Cinga ngemodeli yombala njengenkqubo ngokubanzi (efana nokuchaza iindawo kusetyenziswa isibanzi/iside) kunye nesithuba sombala njengemephu ethile yaloo nkqubo (njengemephu eneenkcukacha zommandla othile onezilungelelanisi ezichanekileyo).

Kutheni imveliso yam eprintiweyo ibonakala yahlukile kuleyo ndiyibona kwiscreen?

Imiba emininzi ibangela lo mahluko: abahloli basebenzisa i-RGB (eyongezelelweyo) umbala ngelixa abashicileli basebenzisa i-CMYK (ethabathayo) umbala; iziboniso zine-gamut ebanzi kunemveliso eprintiweyo; izikrini zikhupha ukukhanya ngelixa ushicilelo lubonisa; kwaye ngaphandle kolawulo olululo lwemibala, akukho nguqulelo phakathi kwezi zithuba zemibala eyahlukileyo. Ukongeza, uhlobo lwephepha luyichaphazela kakhulu indlela imibala evela ngayo kushicilelo, kunye namaphepha angagqunywanga avelisa imibala engagcwalanga kakhulu kunamaphepha akhazimlayo. Ukulinganisa imonitha yakho kunye nokusebenzisa iinkangeleko ze-ICC zomshicileli wakho othile kunye nendibaniselwano yephepha kunokunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo oku kungangqinelani, nangona ezinye iiyantlukwano ziya kuhlala zihleli ngenxa yomahluko osisiseko phakathi kweziboniso ezikhupha ukukhanya kunye noshicilelo olubonisa ukukhanya.

Ngaba kufuneka ndisebenzise i-sRGB, i-Adobe RGB, okanye iProPhoto RGB yokufota?

Kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwakho kunye neemfuno zemveliso. I-sRGB yeyona mifanekiso ilungiselelwe iwebhu okanye ukujongwa ngokubanzi kwizikrini. I-Adobe RGB igqwesile kumsebenzi wokuprinta, ibonelela ngegamut ebanzi ehambelana nobuchule bokushicilela. I-ProPhoto RGB ilungele ukuqhutyelwa komsebenzi apho ukugcinwa kolwazi lombala kubaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi xa usebenza ngeefayile zeRAW kwimowudi ye-16-bit. Uninzi lwabafoti basebenzisa indlela edibeneyo: ukuhlela kwiProPhoto RGB okanye kwi-Adobe RGB, emva koko iguqulelwe kwi-sRGB yokwabelana ngewebhu. Ukuba udubula ngefomathi yeJPEG kwikhamera, iAdobe RGB lolona khetho lungcono kune-sRGB ukuba ikhamera yakho iyayixhasa, njengoko igcina ulwazi olungakumbi lombala ukulungiselela ukuhlelwa kamva. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba udubula i-RAW (ecetyiswayo ngomgangatho ophezulu), indawo yombala wekhamera ichaphazela kuphela umboniso weJPEG kwaye hayi eyona datha yeRAW.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa imibala ingaphandle kwegamut yendawo yombala?

Xa uguqula phakathi kwezithuba zemibala, imibala ewela ngaphandle kwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo kufuneka iphinde yenziwe imaphu kusetyenziswa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-gamut mapping. Oku kulawulwa ngonikezelo lweenjongo: Unikezelo lwengqondo lugcina ubudlelwane obubonakalayo phakathi kwemibala ngokucinezela yonke i-gamut; I-Relative Colorimetric igcina imibala ekuzo zombini iigamu kunye nezikliphu zemibala engaphandle kwe-gamut ukuya kowona mbala ukufutshane onokuphinda uvelise kwakhona; I-Absolute Colorimetric iyafana kodwa iphinda ilungelelanise iphepha elimhlophe; kwaye Ukugcwalisa kubeka phambili ukugcina imibala eqaqambileyo ngaphezu kokuchaneka. Ukhetho lwenjongo yokunikezela luxhomekeke kumxholo kunye nezinto eziphambili zakho. Kwiifoto, i-Perceptual ihlala ivelisa ezona ziphumo zikhangeleka ngokwendalo. Kwimizobo enemibala yebhrendi ethile, iRelative Colorimetric ihlala isebenza ngcono ukugcina imibala ngqo apho kunokwenzeka. Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zolawulo lwemibala zinokubonisa ukuba yeyiphi imibala ephumileyo kwi-gamut ngaphambi kokuguqulwa, ikuvumela ukuba wenze uhlengahlengiso kwimibala ebalulekileyo.

Kubaluleke kangakanani ukulinganisa ukulinganisa kulawulo lombala?

Ukulinganisa ukulinganisa sisiseko sayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokulawula umbala. Ngaphandle komboniso olinganisiweyo, wenza izigqibo zokuhlela ngokusekelwe kulwazi olungelulo lombala. Ulungelelwaniso lulungelelanisa imonitha yakho kwindawo eyaziwayo, esemgangathweni ngokuseta indawo emhlophe (ngokuqhelekileyo i-D65/6500K), i-gamma (idla ngokuba yi-2.2), kunye nokuqaqamba (ihlala iyi-80-120 cd/m²), kwaye idala iprofayile ye-ICC esetyenziswa ngusetyenziso olulawulwa ngemibala ukubonisa imibala ngokuchanekileyo. Kumsebenzi wobuchwephesha, isixhobo sokulinganisa i-hardware sibalulekile kwaye uhlengahlengiso kufuneka lwenziwe ngenyanga. Nokuba iicolorimeters zodidi lwabathengi zinokuphucula ngokumangalisayo ukuchaneka kombala xa kuthelekiswa neziboniso ezingenakulinganiswa. Ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa, indawo osebenza kuyo nayo ibalulekile-indonga ezingwevu ezingathathi hlangothi, ukukhanya okulawulwayo, kunye nokuthintela ukukhanya okuthe ngqo kwiscreen konke oko kunegalelo ekubonweni kombala okuchane ngakumbi. Ngomsebenzi obalulekileyo wombala, qwalasela ukutyala imali kwi-monitor-grade monitor ebanzi, i-hardware calibration capabilities, kunye nehood yokuthintela ukukhanya.

Yeyiphi indawo yombala ekufuneka ndiyisebenzise kuyilo lwewebhu kunye nophuhliso?

I-sRGB ihlala ingumgangatho womxholo wewebhu njengoko iqinisekisa amava angaguqukiyo kuzo zonke izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhangeli. Ngelixa izikhangeli zale mihla zisanda ukuxhasa ulawulo lwemibala kunye neegamu ezibanzi, izixhobo ezininzi kunye nezikhangeli azikakwenzi. Kwiiprojekthi ezijonge phambili, unokuphumeza uphuculo oluqhubela phambili ngokusebenzisa i-sRGB njengesiseko ngelixa unikezela nge-asethi ye-gamut ebanzi (usebenzisa iimpawu zeModyuli ye-CSS yeNqanaba lesi-4 okanye imifanekiso ephawulweyo) kwizixhobo ezixhasayo. I-CSS Color Module Level 4 yazisa inkxaso ye-display-p3, prophoto-rgb, kunye nezinye izithuba zemibala ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi efana nombala (display-p3 1 0.5 0), evumela abaqulunqi bewebhu ukuba bajolise kwimiboniso ye-gamut ebanzi ngaphandle kokuncama ukuhambelana. Ukuhambelana okuphezulu kunye neziphequluli ezindala, gcina inguqulelo ye-sRGB yazo zonke ii-asethi kwaye usebenzise uchongo lwefitsha ukunika umxholo obanzi wegamut kuphela kwizixhobo ezihambelanayo. Hlala uvavanya uyilo lwakho kuzo zonke izixhobo kunye nezikhangeli ukuze uqinisekise inkangeleko eyamkelekileyo kubo bonke abasebenzisi.

Izithuba zemibala zichaphazela njani ukunyanzeliswa komfanekiso kunye nobukhulu befayile?

Izithuba zemibala zinempembelelo kakhulu kuxinzelelo lomfanekiso kunye nobukhulu befayile. Ukuguqula ukusuka kwi-RGB ukuya kwi-YCbCr (kwi-JPEG yoxinzelelo) ivumela i-chroma subsampling, enciphisa ubungakanani befayile ngokugcina ulwazi lombala kwisisombululo esisezantsi kunolwazi olukhanyayo, lusebenzisa uvakalelo olukhulu lweliso lomntu kwiinkcukacha zokukhanya. Izithuba ezibanzi zegamut ezifana neProPhoto RGB zifuna ubunzulu obuphezulu be-bit (i-16-bit vs. 8-bit) ukuphepha ukudibanisa, okukhokelela kwiifayile ezinkulu. Xa ugcina kwiifomati ezifana ne-PNG engasebenzisi i-chroma subsampling, indawo yombala ngokwayo ayichaphazeli kakhulu ubungakanani befayile, kodwa ubunzulu obuphezulu buye benza njalo. Iifayile zeJPEG ezigcinwe kwi-Adobe RGB okanye kwi-ProPhoto RGB azisebenzisi ngokwendalo ugcino olungaphezulu kuneenguqulelo ze-sRGB ngokusetwa komgangatho ofanayo, kodwa kufuneka zibandakanye iprofayile yombala efakwe ngaphakathi ukuze iboniswe ngokuchanekileyo, yongeza kancinane kwisayizi yefayile. Ukuphumelela okuphezulu koxinzelelo kwiifomathi zokuhanjiswa, ukuguqulela kwi-8-bit sRGB okanye i-YCbCr kunye ne-subsampling efanelekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo inika ibhalansi engcono yobukhulu befayile kunye nomgangatho obonakalayo.

Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwezithuba zemibala kunye nobunzulu bebit?

Ubunzulu be-Bit kunye nendawo yombala yimiba ehambelanayo echaphazela umgangatho womfanekiso. Ubunzulu besuntswana bubhekisa kwinani lamasuntswana asetyenziselwa ukumela umjelo wombala ngamnye, umisela ukuba mangaphi amaxabiso ombala owahlukileyo anokumelwa. Ngelixa isithuba sombala sichaza uluhlu lwemibala (i-gamut), ubunzulu bebhithi bumisela ukuba olo luhlu lwahlulwe ngokucokisekileyo kangakanani. Izithuba ezibanzi zemibala ye-gamut njenge-ProPhoto RGB zifuna ubunzulu obuphezulu be-bit ukunqanda ibhendi kunye ne-posterization. Oku kungenxa yokuba inani elifanayo lamaxabiso ahlukeneyo kufuneka linabe kuluhlu lwemibala enkulu, ukwenza “amanyathelo” amakhulu phakathi kwemibala ekufutshane. Umzekelo, i-8-bit encoding ibonelela ngamanqanaba angama-256 ngetshaneli nganye, eyanele ngokubanzi kwi-sRGB kodwa enganelanga kwiProPhoto RGB. Yiyo loo nto ii-workflows zobungcali zihlala zisebenzisa i-16-bit kwitshaneli nganye (amanqanaba angama-65,536) xa usebenza kwiindawo ezibanzi. Ngokufanayo, umxholo we-HDR ufuna ubunzulu obuphezulu besuntswana (i-10-bit okanye i-12-bit) ukumela ngokutyibilikayo uluhlu lwawo lokukhanya. Indibaniselwano yendawo yombala kunye nobunzulu bebhithi ndawonye imisela inani elipheleleyo lemibala eyahlukileyo enokumelwa kumfanekiso.

ULawulo lweMibala oluPhambili kwiiProjekthi zakho

Nokuba ungumfoti, umyili, okanye umphuhlisi, ukuqonda izithuba zemibala kubalulekile ekuveliseni umsebenzi wobungcali. Sebenzisa la magama ukuze uqinisekise ukuba imibala yakho ibukeka ihambelana kuzo zonke imidiya.

Thelekisa izithuba zeMbala Jonga iziKhokelo eziSebenzayo
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