Kunzwisisa Mavara Nzvimbo muMifananidzo: Yakazara Gwaro reRGB, CMYK, LAB, HSL uye Zvimwe

Kunzwisisa Mavara Nzvimbo muDhijitari Mifananidzo

Ongorora gwara rakazara remhando dzemavara, nzvimbo dzemavara, uye mashandisiro adzo mukutora mifananidzo, dhizaini, uye yedhijitari yekufungidzira. Master color manejimendi kune akakwana mhedzisiro pamidziyo yese.

RGB uye CMYK
HSL uye HSV
LAB & XYZ
YCbCr & YUV
Enzanisa Color Spaces Mazano Anoshanda

The Complete Guide to Color Spaces

Nzvimbo dzemavara imhando dzemasvomhu dzinotibvumira kumiririra uye kunyatsotsanangura mavara nenzira yakarongeka. Kunzwisisa nzvimbo dzemavara kwakakosha kune vanotora mifananidzo, vagadziri, vhidhiyo edhita, uye chero munhu anoshanda nedhijitari imaging. Iyi dhairekitori yakazara inovhara zvese kubva kune akakosha pfungwa kusvika kune epamberi ekugadzirisa mavara.

Nei Nzvimbo dzeMavara Dzichikosha

Nzvimbo dzemavara dzinotsanangura kuti mavara anogadzirwa sei pamidziyo yakasiyana uye midhiya. Ivo vanosarudza huwandu hwemavara (gamut) anogona kuratidzwa kana kudhindwa, zvichikanganisa kurongeka uye vibrancy yemifananidzo yako. Pasina kurongeka kwenzvimbo yemavara, zviono zvako zvakanyatsogadzirwa zvinogona kuoneka zvakasiyana pane zvakatarisirwa kana zvichionekwa pamasikirini akasiyana kana zvinhu zvakadhindwa.

Nyika yedhijitari inotsamira pakutaura kwemavara chaiko. Paunotora mufananidzo, kugadzirisa mufananidzo, kana kugadzira webhusaiti, unenge uchishanda mukati memavara emavara anotsanangura kuti ndeapi mavara anowanikwa kwauri uye kuti anomiririrwa sei nemasvomhu. Idzi nzvimbo dzemavara dzinoita semutauro wepasirese unoita kuti hutsvuku hwako huve hwakafanana pahwindo remumwe munhu kana kudhindwa.

  • Inovimbisa kuenderana kwemavara kuberekana pamidziyo yese
  • Inokwirisa huwandu hweruvara huripo hwepakati pako
  • Inodzivirira kuchinja kwemavara panguva yekushandura fomati
  • Yakakosha pakubuda kwehunyanzvi
  • Yakakosha pakuenderana kwemhando yedhijitari uye kudhinda midhiya

Kunzwisisa Colour Models uye Nzvimbo

Color Models vs. Color Spaces

Kunyange zvichiwanzo shandiswa zvakasiyana, mhando dzemavara uye nzvimbo dzemavara pfungwa dzakasiyana. Mucherechedzo weruvara chimiro chetioretical chekumiririra mavara (seRGB kana CMYK), nepo nzvimbo yeruvara iri chaiyo yekumisikidzwa kwemhando yemhando ine yakatsanangurwa paramita (se sRGB kana Adobe RGB).

Funga nezvemuenzaniso weruvara senzira yakajairika yekutsanangura mavara, sekuti “sanganisa dzvuku, girini, uye bhuruu chiedza kugadzira mavara.” Nzvimbo yeruvara inopa iyo chaiyo mitemo: chaizvo mumvuri wemutsvuku, girini, uye bhuruu yekushandisa, uye chaizvo masanganisirwo azvo kuti uwane mhedzisiro inowirirana.

  • Mienzaniso yemavara inotsanangura chimiro chekumiririra kwemavara
  • Nzvimbo dzemavara dzinotsanangura maparamita chaiwo mukati memuenzaniso
  • Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemavara dzinogona kuvapo mukati memuenzaniso mumwe
  • Nzvimbo dzemavara dzakatsanangura miganhu uye shanduko yekuenzanisa

Kuwedzera vs. Kubvisa Ruvara

Mamodheru emavara akaiswa muchikamu sekuwedzera kana kuderedza, zvichienderana nemasikirwo avanoita mavara. Mamodheru ekuwedzera (seRGB) anosanganisa mwenje kugadzira mavara, nepo mamodheru anobvisa (seCMYK) anoshanda nekutora mafungu echiedza.

Musiyano wakakosha uri munzvimbo dzavanotangira: ruvara rwekuwedzera runotanga nerima (pasina mwenje) uye rinowedzera mwenje weruvara kuti ugadzire kupenya, unosvika kuchena kana mavara ese abatanidzwa pakusimba kuzere. Rudzi rwekubvisa runotanga neruchena (sepeji isina chinhu) uye rinowedzera ingi dzinobvisa (kutora) mamwe mawavelengths, inosvika dema kana mavara ese abatanidzwa pakusimba kwakazara.

  • Kuwedzera: RGB (zvikirini, zviratidziro zvedhijitari)
  • Kubvisa: CMYK (kudhinda, midhiya yemuviri)
  • Zvikumbiro zvakasiyana zvinoda nzira dzakasiyana
  • Kushandurwa kwemavara pakati pekuwedzera uye kuderedza masisitimu kunoda shanduko yakaoma

Ruvara Gamut uye Bit Kudzika

A color space’s gamut inoreva huwandu hwemavara hwaanogona kumiririra. Bit kudzika kunotaridza kuti vangani mavara akasiyana anogona kumiririrwa mukati meiyo gamut. Pamwe chete, zvinhu izvi zvinotsanangura kugona kwenzvimbo yeruvara.

Funga nezve gamut sepaleti yemavara aripo, uye kudzika zvishoma sekuti mavara iwayo anogona kusanganiswa zvakanaka sei. A shoma gamut inogona kunge ichishaya mamwe mavara anoyevedza zvachose, nepo kusakwana zvishoma kudzika kunogadzira inooneka banding muma gradients pachinzvimbo chekuchinja kwakatsetseka. Basa reunyanzvi rinowanzoda ese ari maviri akafara gamut uye yakakwira bit kudzika kuti utore uye uratidze huwandu hwakazara hweruzivo rwekuona.

  • Wider gamuts inogona kumiririra mamwe mavara ane simba
  • Kudzika kwakadzika kwepamusoro kunobvumira kutsetseka kwema gradients
  • 8-bit = 256 mazinga pachiteshi (16.7 miriyoni mavara)
  • 16-bit = 65,536 mazinga pachiteshi (mabhiriyoni emavara)
  • Basa reunyanzvi rinowanzoda nzvimbo dzakafara-gamut dzine hudzamu hwepamusoro

RGB Ruvara Nzvimbo Inotsanangurwa

Iyo RGB Rudzi Model

RGB (Red, Green, Blue) imhando yekuwedzera yemuvara apo mwenje tsvuku, yegirinhi, uye yebhuruu inosanganiswa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana kuti ibudise huwandu hwakawanda hwemavara. Ndiyo hwaro hwekuratidzwa kwedhijitari, kubva kumafoni kusvika kumakomputa monitors uye terevhizheni.

Mumuenzaniso weRGB, chiteshi chemavara chega chega chinowanzo shandisa 8 bits, zvichibvumira 256 mazinga pachiteshi. Izvi zvinogadzira mwero 24-bit color kudzika (8 bits × 3 chiteshi), inokwanisa kumiririra angangoita mamirioni gumi nematanhatu emavara. Zvishandiso zvehunyanzvi zvinowanzoshandisa gumi-bit (anopfuura bhiriyoni imwe yemavara) kana 16-bit (anopfuura 281 matiriyoni emavara) kune mamwe mapendero emavara chaiwo.

RGB yakavakirwa pamhinduro yemaitiro emunhu kuchiedza, iine mavara matatu ekutanga anowirirana nemhando nhatu dzemavara receptors (cones) mumaziso edu. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakanyatsokodzera kuratidza zvemukati zvedhijitari, asi zvakare zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeRGB dzemavara dzinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwadzo uye maitiro.

sRGB (Standard RGB)

Yakagadzirwa neHP neMicrosoft muna 1996, sRGB ndiyo yakajairika nzvimbo yemavara inoshandiswa mukufungidzira kwedhijitari, monitors, uye webhu. Iyo inovhara inosvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana yeinooneka ruvara spectrum uye yakagadzirirwa kuenderana neyakajairika imba nehofisi yekuratidzira michina.

Kunyangwe ine gamut ine shoma, sRGB inoramba iri chiyero chewebhu zvemukati uye mutengi mafoto nekuda kwekuenderana kwayo kwepasirese. Midziyo mizhinji yakarongedzerwa kuratidza sRGB nenzira kwayo nekukasira, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakachengeteka kana iwe uchida mavara anowirirana pamasikirini akasiyana pasina kutonga kwemavara.

Iyo sRGB yeruvara nzvimbo yakagadzirwa nemaune ine diki gamut kuti ienderane nehunyanzvi hweCRT monitors kubva kuma1990s. Ichi chinodzikisirwa chakaramba chiri mune yemazuva ano webhu ecosystem, kunyangwe mitsva mitsva iri kutambirwa padivi payo.

  • Default color nzvimbo yezvakawanda zvedhijitari
  • Inovimbisa kutaridzika kunoenderana kune akawanda maturusi
  • Yakanakira web-based content uye general mafoto
  • Inoshandiswa nekusarudzika mumakamera mazhinji evatengi uye mafoni
  • Iine gamma kukosha inosvika 2.2

Adobe RGB (1998)

Yakagadzirwa neAdobe Systems, Adobe RGB inopa yakafara gamut kupfuura sRGB, inovhara ingangoita 50% yeinooneka ruvara spectrum. Yakagadzirwa zvakananga kusanganisa akawanda mavara anogoneka pane CMYK mavara maprinta, zvichiita kuti ive yakakosha pakudhinda kugadzira workflows.

Adobe RGB’s yakawedzera gamut inonyanya kuoneka mune cyan-girini hues, ayo anowanzo kuderedzwa mu sRGB. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakakurumbira pakati penyanzvi dzekutora mifananidzo uye vagadziri vanoda kuchengetedza mavara akajeka, kunyanya kune zvakadhindwa.

Imwe yemabhenefiti akakosha eAdobe RGB kugona kwayo kumiririra huwandu hwakakura hwemavara akazara munzvimbo yegirinhi-cyan, iyo yakakosha pakutora mafoto uye zvisikwa zvidzidzo. Nekudaro, mukana uyu unongoonekwa kana iyo yese mafambiro (kutora, kugadzirisa, uye kubuda) inotsigira iyo Adobe RGB ruvara nzvimbo.

  • Yakafara gamut kupfuura sRGB, kunyanya mumagirini uye macyans
  • Zvirinani zvekudhinda kugadzira workflows
  • Inofarirwa nevazhinji nyanzvi dzekutora mifananidzo
  • Inowanikwa sechisarudzo chekutora mumakamera ekupedzisira
  • Inoda kutariswa kwemavara kuti iratidzike zvakanaka

ProPhoto RGB

Yakagadzirwa naKodak, ProPhoto RGB (inozivikanwawo seROMM RGB) ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo huru dzeRGB dzemavara, dzinosanganisira 90% yemavara anooneka. Inotambanukira kupfuura huwandu hwekuona kwevanhu mune dzimwe nzvimbo, ichiibvumira kuchengetedza angangoita ese mavara kamera inogona kutora.

Nekuda kwehukuru hwayo gamut, ProPhoto RGB inoda kudzika kwakadzika (16-bit pachiteshi pane 8-bit) kudzivirira banding mumagradient. Inonyanya kushandiswa muhunyanzvi hwekuita mafoto workflows, kunyanya kune zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza uye kudhinda kwepamusoro.

ProPhoto RGB ndiyo yakajairwa nzvimbo yekushanda muAdobe Lightroom uye inowanzo kurudzirwa kuchengetedza ruzivo rwakanyanya rweruvara panguva yekuvandudza. Yakakura zvekuti mamwe emavara ayo “ekufungidzira” (kunze kwekuona kwevanhu), asi izvi zvinoita kuti hapana mavara akatorwa kamera anodimburwa panguva yekugadzirisa.

  • Yakanyanya kupamhama gamut inovhara zvakanyanya anooneka mavara
  • Inochengetedza mavara akatorwa nemakamera epamusoro-soro
  • Inoda 16-bit workflow kudzivirira banding
  • Default nzvimbo yekushanda muAdobe Lightroom
  • Haikodzeri mafomu ekupedzisira ekutumira pasina kutendeuka

Ratidza P3

Yakagadzirwa neApple, Display P3 yakavakirwa paDCI-P3 nzvimbo yemavara inoshandiswa mudhijitari cinema. Inopa inosvika makumi maviri neshanu muzana kufukidzwa kwemavara kupfuura sRGB, kunyanya mune zvitsvuku uye girinhi, zvichiita kuti mifananidzo iite seyakajeka uye sehupenyu.

Display P3 yakawana mukurumbira wakakosha sezvo ichitsigirwa nemidziyo yeApple, kusanganisira iPhones, iPads, uye Macs ane wide-gamut kuratidza. Inomiririra nzvimbo yepakati pakati pe sRGB nenzvimbo dzakafara seAdobe RGB, ichipa mavara akakwidziridzwa uku ichichengetedza kuenderana.

Iyo P3 yeruvara nzvimbo yakatanga kugadzirwa yedhijitari cinema fungidziro (DCI-P3), asi Apple yakaigadzirisa kuti iratidze tekinoroji nekushandisa iyo D65 chena point (yakafanana nesRGB) pachinzvimbo cheDCI chena poindi. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakakodzera kune yakasanganiswa-midhiya nharaunda ichiri kupa zvakanyanya kupenya mavara kupfuura sRGB.

  • Wide gamut ine yakanakisa kufukidzwa kwezvitsvuku uye girinhi
  • Native kune Apple’s Retina kuratidza uye nharembozha
  • Kukura rutsigiro pamapuratifomu edhijitari
  • Inoshandisa iyo imwechete chena poindi (D65) se sRGB
  • Kuwedzera kukosha kune yemazuva ano webhu uye app dhizaini

Rec.2020 (BT.2020)

Yakagadzirirwa ultra-high-definition terevhizheni (UHDTV), Rec.2020 inosanganisira 75% yemavara anooneka. Yakakura zvakanyanya kupfuura ese ari maviri sRGB uye Adobe RGB, ichipa yakasarudzika ruvara kubereka kwe4K uye 8K zvemukati.

Kunyange zviratidziro zvishoma zvichigona kuburitsa iyo yakazara Rec.2020 gamut, inoshanda seyero yekumberi yekugadzirwa kwevhidhiyo yepamusoro uye kugona. Sezvo tekinoroji yekuratidzira ichifambira mberi, mamwe maturusi ari kusvika munzvimbo ino yakakura yemavara.

Rec.2020 chikamu chetsika dzepasi rose dzeUltra HDTV uye inoshandiswa pamwe chete neHigh Dynamic Range (HDR) michina yakaita seHDR10 neDolby Vision. Yayo yakakura kwazvo gamut inoshandisa monochromatic primary color (467nm bhuruu, 532nm girini, uye 630nm tsvuku) iri padyo nemupendero weinooneka spectrum, ichiibvumira kutenderedza anenge ese mavara anogona kuonekwa nevanhu.

  • Yakapamhama kwazvo gamut ye-ultra-high-definition yemukati
  • Ramangwana-uchapupu mwero yeachiri kubuda ekuratidzira tekinoroji
  • Inoshandiswa muhunyanzvi vhidhiyo kugadzira workflows
  • Chikamu cheHDR ecosystem yevhidhiyo yechizvarwa chinotevera
  • Parizvino hapana zviratidziro zvinogona kuburitsa iyo yakazara Rec.2020 gamut

CMYK Ruvara Nzvimbo uye Dhinda Kugadzirwa

Iyo CMYK Rudzi Model

CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yero, Kiyi/Nhema) imhando yekubvisa yemavara inoshandiswa kunyanya mukudhinda. Kusiyana neRGB, iyo inowedzera chiedza kugadzira mavara, CMYK inoshanda nekutora (kubvisa) mamwe mawavelengths kubva kuchiedza chena, uchishandisa ingi pabepa kana mamwe ma substrates.

CMYK’s gamut inowanzoita idiki pane RGB color space, ndosaka mifananidzo yedhijitari inoyevedza dzimwe nguva ichiita seyakaonda kana yakadhindwa. Kunzwisisa hukama pakati peRGB neCMYK kwakakosha kune vanogadzira uye vanotora mifananidzo vanogadzira zvirimo kune ese edhijitari uye anodhinda midhiya.

Mune dzidziso, kusanganisa cyan, magenta, uye yero pakusimba kwakazara kunofanirwa kuburitsa dema, asi nekuda kwekusachena kuri mumaingi epasirese, izvi zvinowanzokonzera dhaka dema. Ndosaka yakaparadzana dema (K) inki inowedzerwa, ichipa vechokwadi vatema uye nekuvandudza mumvuri ruzivo. Iyo “K” inomirira “Kiyi” nekuti ndiro nhema inopa ruzivo rwakakosha uye kurongeka kwemamwe mavara mukudhindwa kwechinyakare.

Mhando dzemapepa akasiyana, nzira dzekudhinda, uye magadzirirwo einki anogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya maratidziro emavara eCMYK mukubuda kwekupedzisira. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nyanzvi yekudhinda workflows ichivimba zvakanyanya nekutonga kwemavara uye yakamisikidzwa CMYK maratidziro akarongedzerwa kune chaiwo ekugadzira nharaunda.

Yakajairwa CMYK Ruvara Nzvimbo

Kusiyana neRGB, iyo yakatsanangura zvakajeka nzvimbo dzemavara senge sRGB neAdobe RGB, CMYK nzvimbo dzemavara dzinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemamiriro ekudhinda, marudzi emapepa, uye maumbirwo eingi. Zvimwe zvakajairika CMYK zviyero zvinosanganisira:

  • U.S. Webhu Yakavharwa (SWOP) v2 – Yakajairwa pawebhu offset kudhinda kuNorth America
  • Yakaputirwa FOGRA39 (ISO 12647-2:2004) – European standard yepepa rakavharwa
  • Japan Color 2001 Coated – Yakajairwa kudhinda kweoffset muJapan
  • GRACoL 2006 Yakavharwa -Madiresi emhando yepamusoro yekutengesa kudhinda
  • FOGRA27 – Yakajairwa bepa rakavharwa muEurope (yekare vhezheni)
  • U.S. Sheetfed Coated v2 – Yekudhinda pepa-yakafukidzwa offset pabepa rakavharwa
  • US Uncoated v2 -Kudhinda pamapepa asina kuvharwa
  • FOGRA47 – Yepepa isina kuvharwa muEurope

RGB kuti CMYK Shanduko

Kushandura kubva kuRGB kuenda kuCMYK kunosanganisira zvese zvemasvomhu shanduko yemavara uye gamut mepu, sezvo CMYK isingakwanise kuburitsa ese RGB mavara. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa sekushandurwa kwemavara, chinhu chakakosha chehunyanzvi hwekudhinda workflows.

RGB kuenda kuCMYK shanduko yakaoma nekuti inoshandura kubva pakuwedzera kuenda kune inobvisa ruvara modhi panguva imwe cheteyo ichigadzira mavara kubva kune hombe gamut kuenda kune diki. Pasina kutonga kwakaringana kwemavara, mablues ane simba uye magirini muRGB anogona kugomara uye ane madhaka muCMYK, matsvuku anogona kuchinjika akananga orenji, uye zvisingaoneki mavara akasiyana anogona kurasika.

  • Inoda masisitimu ekutonga kwemavara kune chokwadi
  • Inofanirwa kuitwa uchishandisa ICC profiles kune yakanakisa mhedzisiro
  • Kazhinji inoshandura kutaridzika kwemavara ane simba
  • Yakanyanya kuitwa kunonoka mukufambiswa kwebasa rekugadzira
  • Soft proofing inogona kutarisa CMYK kutaridzika pane RGB kuratidza
  • Zvinangwa zvekupa zvakasiyana zvinogadzira mhedzisiro dzakasiyana

Spot Colors uye Yakawedzerwa Gamut

Kukunda zvisingakwanisi kuitwa neCMYK, kudhinda kunowanzo batanidza mavara emavara (sePantone) kana akawedzera gamut masisitimu anowedzera orenji, girinhi, uye violet ingi (CMYK+OGV) kuwedzera huwandu hwemavara anogona kudhindwa.

Mavara eSpot anonyanya kusanganiswa ingi dzinoshandiswa kunyatsoenderana neruvara, kunyanya kune zvigadzirwa zvemhando selogos. Kusiyana ne CMYK maitiro emavara ayo anogadzirwa nekubatanidza madotsi e mana akajairwa ingi, mavara emavara anofanosanganiswa kune chaiyo formula, kuve nechokwadi kuenderana kwakakwana pane zvese zvakadhindwa.

  • Pantone Matching System inopa yakajairwa mavara mavara
  • Yakawedzerwa gamut kudhinda kunosvika RGB ruvara renji
  • Hexachrome uye mamwe masisitimu anowedzera mamwe mainki ekutanga
  • Yakakosha pakurongeka kwemavara emhando mukurongedza uye kushambadzira
  • CMYK + Orange, Green, Violet (7-ruvara) masisitimu anogona kubereka kusvika 90% yePantone mavara.
  • Michina yemazuva ano yedhijitari inowanzo tsigira kudhinda kwakawedzerwa kwegamut

Lab uye Mudziyo-Yakazvimirira Ruvara Nzvimbo

Mudziyo-Yakazvimiririra Mavara Models

Kusiyana neRGB neCMYK, inotsamira pamudziyo (chitarisiko chavo chinosiyana zvichienderana nehardware), nzvimbo dzinozvimiririra dzeruvara seCIE L*a*b* (Lab) neCIE XYZ dzinovavarira kutsanangura mavara sekuonekwa kwaanoitwa neziso remunhu, zvisinei nekuti anoratidzwa kana kudhindwa sei.

Idzi nzvimbo dzemavara dzinoshanda sehwaro hwemazuva ano ekugadzirisa mavara masisitimu, achiita se “mushanduri wepasirese” pakati pemidziyo yakasiyana uye mhando dzemavara. Zvinobva paruzivo rwesainzi rwemaonero eruvara rwemunhu kwete kugona kwemidziyo.

Chishandiso-chakazvimiririra nzvimbo dzemavara dzakakosha nekuti dzinopa yakagadzika referensi poindi mumavara manejimendi workflows. Nepo iwo iwo maRGB akafanana angaratidzika akasiyana pane akasiyana mamonitor, iyo Lab ruvara kukosha inomiririra yakafanana inoonekwa ruvara zvisinei nemudziyo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero Lab inoshanda seProfile Connection Space (PCS) muICC color management, ichifambisa shanduko chaiyo pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemavara.

CIE XYZ Ruvara Nzvimbo

Yakagadzirwa muna 1931 neInternational Commission on Illumination (CIE), iyo XYZ nzvimbo yemavara ndiyo yaive yekutanga yakatsanangurwa masvomhu nzvimbo yemavara. Inosanganisira mavara ose anoonekwa kune avhareji yeziso remunhu uye inoshanda senheyo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemavara.

MuXYZ, Y inomiririra kupenya, nepo X uye Z ari abstract values ​​ane chekuita nechromatic zvikamu zveruvara. Iyi nzvimbo inonyanya kushandiswa seyereferensi chiyero uye kashoma kune yakananga mufananidzo encoding. Izvo zvinoramba zvichikosha kune sainzi yemavara uye hwaro hwekushandurwa kwemavara.

Iyo CIE XYZ nzvimbo yeruvara yakatorwa kubva kune yakatevedzana yekuyedza pakuona kwemavara emunhu. Vatsvakurudzi vakaronga kuti munhuwo zvake akaona sei mafungu echiedza akasiyana, achigadzira iyo inozivikanwa seCIE 1931 nzvimbo yeruvara, iyo inosanganisira yakakurumbira “horseshoe-shaped” chromaticity diagram iyo inomepu ese anobvira mavara anoonekwa kuvanhu.

  • Nheyo yesayenzi ruvara kuyerwa
  • Inosanganisira mavara ose anoonekwa nevanhu
  • Inoshandiswa sechirevo chekushandurwa kwemavara
  • Kubva pazviyero zvemaonero eruvara rwemunhu
  • Yakagadzirwa uchishandisa yakajairwa yekuona modhi

CIE L*a*b* (Lab) Ruvara Nzvimbo

Yakagadzirwa muna 1976, CIE L*a*b* (inowanzodaidzwa kuti “Lab”) yakagadzirwa kuti ive yunifomu, zvichireva kuti nhambwe dzakaenzana munzvimbo yeruvara dzinoenderana nekuenzana kunoonekwa kusiyana kweruvara. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive yakanaka pakuyera misiyano yeruvara uye kugadzirisa mavara.

MuLab, L* inomiririra kureruka (0-100), a* inomiririra akiso yegirinhi-tsvuku, uye b* inomiririra akiso yeblue-yellow. Uku kupatsanurwa kwekureruka kubva kuruzivo rweruvara kunoita kuti Lab inyanyo batsira pakugadzirisa mifananidzo sekugadzirisa musiyano usingakanganise mavara.

Kufanana kweLab kwekuona kunoita kuti ive yakakosha pakugadzirisa mavara uye kutonga kwemhando. Kana mavara maviri aine mutsauko mudiki wenhamba muLab values, anongoonekwa akasiyana zvishoma kune vanhu vanoona. Ichi chivakwa hachisi chechokwadi cheRGB kana CMYK, uko musiyano wenhamba wakafanana unogona kuguma nekuchinja kwakasiyana kwakasiyana zvichienderana nekuti mune nzvimbo yeruvara mavara anowanikwa.

  • Perceptually yunifomu yekuyera kwemavara kwakaringana
  • Inoparadzanisa kureruka kubva kune ruzivo rwemavara
  • Inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa mufananidzo wepamusoro uye kugadzirisa kwemavara
  • Core chikamu cheICC color management workflows
  • Inogona kuratidza mavara kunze kweiyo gamut yeRGB uye CMYK
  • Inoshandiswa kuDelta-E mavara akasiyana kuverenga

CIE L*u*v* Ruvara Nzvimbo

CIE L*u*v* yakagadziridzwa padivi peL*a*b* seimwe nzira yekufunga yunifomu yeruvara nzvimbo. Inonyanya kukosha kune maapplication anosanganisira yekuwedzera ruvara kusanganisa uye kuratidza, nepo L*a*b* inowanzo diwa kune inobvisa mavara masisitimu sekudhinda.

SeLab, L*u*v* inoshandisa L* kureruka, nepo u* uye v* ari chromaticity coordinates. Iyi nzvimbo yemavara inowanzoshandiswa muterevhizheni nhepfenyuro masisitimu uye mavara akasiyana maverengero ekuratidzira matekinoroji.

Mumwe mutsauko wakakosha pakati peL*a*b* neL*u*v* ndewekuti L*u*v* yakanyatsogadzirirwa kubata zvirinani mavara anobuda uye mwenje. Inosanganisira kugona kumiririra mavara maererano nechromaticity coordinates izvo zvinogona kuwiriraniswa zviri nyore neiyo chromaticity diagram inoshandiswa mu colorimetry uye dhizaini yekuvhenekesa.

  • Yakanyatsokodzera kune additive color applications
  • Inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri eterevhizheni nenhepfenyuro
  • Inopa yunifomu yemusiyano wemavara kuyerwa
  • Zvirinani kune emissive mavara uye dhizaini dhizaini
  • Inosanganisira kuenderana kwemavara tembiricha mepu

HSL, HSV, uye Perceptual Ruvara Nzvimbo

Intuitive Color Representation

Nepo RGB neCMYK vachitsanangura mavara maererano nekutanga kusanganiswa kwemavara, HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) uye HSV/HSB (Hue, Saturation, Value/Brightness) inomiririra mavara nenzira inonzwisisika kune mafungire anoita vanhu nezveruvara.

Idzi nzvimbo dzinopatsanura zvikamu zveruvara (hue) kubva pakusimba hunhu (saturation uye kureruka / kupenya), zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakusarudza kwemavara, UI dhizaini, uye hunyanzvi hwekushandisa uko kurongeka kwemavara kwakakosha.

Kubatsira kwakakosha kweHSL neHSV nderekuti ivo vanonyatsoenderana nemafungiro anoita vanhu uye nekutsanangura mavara. Kana mumwe munhu achida kugadzira “ruvara rwebhuruu” kana “ruvara rutsvuku,” ivo vari kufunga maererano nehue, saturation, uye kupenya-kwete maererano neRGB kukosha. Ichi ndicho chikonzero vanotora mavara mudhizaini software vanowanzo ratidza ese maRGB masiraidhi uye HSL/HSV sarudzo.

HSL Color Space

HSL inomiririra mavara mucylindrical coordinate system, ine Hue sekona (0-360°) inomiririra rudzi rweruvara, Saturation (0-100%) inoratidza kusimba kweruvara, uye Lightness (0-100%) ichitsanangura kuti ruvara rwakajeka kana kusviba sei.

HSL inonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira maapplication nekuti ma paramita ayo mepu intuitively kumatsananguriro atinoita mavara. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvandudza webhu kuburikidza neCSS, uko mavara anogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa hsl () basa. Izvi zvinoita kuti kugadzira zvigadziriso zvemavara uye kugadzirisa mavara kune akasiyana interface nyika (hover, inoshanda, nezvimwewo) zvakanyanya intuitive.

  • Hue: The base color (tsvuku, yero, girini, nezvimwewo)
  • Saturation: Kuwedzera kwemavara kubva kugrey (0%) kusvika kune yakachena ruvara (100%)
  • Kujeka: Kupenya kubva mutema (0%) kuburikidza neruvara kusvika kuchena (100%)
  • Yakajairika muwebhu dhizaini uye CSS mavara maratidziro
  • Maximum lightness (100%) inogara ichibudisa chena pasinei nehue
  • Symmetrical modhi ine kupenya kwepakati (50%) yemavara akachena

HSV/HSB Ruvara Nzvimbo

HSV (inonziwo HSB) yakafanana neHSL asi inoshandisa Kukosha/Kupenya pachinzvimbo cheChiedza. MuHSV, kupenya kwakanyanya (100%) kunopa ruvara ruzere zvisinei nekuzara, nepo muHSL, kureruka kwakanyanya kunogara kuchiburitsa chena.

Modhi yeHSV inowanzofarirwa pakunhonga kwemavara nekuti inoita mepu zvine mutsindo kune masanganisirwo emavara nependi – kutanga nedema (hapana chiedza / kukosha) uye kuwedzera pigment kugadzira mavara ekuwedzera kupenya. Yakanyanya intuitive yekugadzira mimvuri uye toni dzeruvara uchichengetedza hue inonzwisisika.

  • Hue: The base color (tsvuku, yero, girini, nezvimwewo)
  • Saturation: Kuwedzera kwemavara kubva kuchena / grey (0%) kusvika kune yakachena ruvara (100%)
  • Kukosha / Kupenya: Kusimba kubva kune dema (0%) kusvika kuzere ruvara (100%)
  • Inowanzo shandiswa mune graphic dhizaini software vatoreri vemavara
  • Maximum kukosha (100%) inoburitsa iyo yakazara ruvara pakunyanya kwayo
  • Yakanyanya intuitive yekugadzira mimvuri uye toni

Munsell Color System

Iyo Munsell system inhoroondo yekuona ruvara nzvimbo inoronga mavara mumativi matatu: hue, kukosha (kureruka), uye chroma (kuchena kwemavara). Yakagadzirwa kuti ipe nzira yakarongeka yekutsanangura mavara anobva pakuona kwevanhu.

Yakagadzirwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 naProfessor Albert H. Munsell, iyi gadziriro yakanga ine chimurenga nokuti yakanga iri imwe yokutanga kuronga mavara akavakirwa pakufanana kwokurangarira panzvimbo pemiitiro yomuviri. Kusiyana nenzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzemavara edhijitari, yaive sisitimu yemuviri uchishandisa pendi yemavara machipisi akarongwa munzvimbo ine mativi matatu.

  • Inofanotaura madhijitari mavara emhando asi achiri kushandiswa mune mamwe minda
  • Kupesvedzera mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yemavara yemazuva ano
  • Zvichiri kushandiswa mukupatsanurwa kwevhu, dzidzo yeunyanzvi, uye kuongorora ruvara
  • Kubva pakuona nzvimbo pane mafomula esvomhu
  • Anoronga mavara mumuti-sechimiro chine hue inopenya kubva pakati peaxis

HCL Color Space

HCL (Hue, Chroma, Luminance) inzvimbo inofananidzwa yeruvara inosanganisa intuitive hunhu hweHSL nekufanana kwekunzwisisa kweLab. Zvinonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira mapaleti emavara uye magradients anotaridzika akafanana mukupenya kunoonekwa uye kuzara.

Kunyange isingashandisirwe zvakanyanya musoftware seHSL kana HSV, HCL (inonziwo LCh kana maparamendi akarairwa zvakasiyana) iri kuwana mukurumbira wekuona uye dhizaini yedata nekuti inogadzira zvikero zvemavara zvinonzwisisika. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha pakuona data apo ruvara runoshandiswa kumiririra maitiro.

  • Perceptually yunifomu kusiyana neHSL/HSV
  • Yakanakisa pakugadzira zviyero zvemavara zvinoenderana
  • Kubva pane iyo Lab ruvara nzvimbo asi ine polar coordinates
  • Inowedzera kushandiswa mukuona data uye dhizaini yeruzivo
  • Inogadzira zvimwe zvinopindirana uye zvine mwero zvirongwa zvemavara

YCbCr uye Vhidhiyo Ruvara Nzvimbo

Luminance-Chrominance Separation

Vhidhiyo nemifananidzo yekumanikidza masisitimu anowanzo shandisa nzvimbo dzemavara dzinoparadzanisa kupenya (kupenya) kubva kuchrominance (ruvara) ruzivo. Iyi nzira inotora mukana weiyo yemunhu kuona kwepamusoro kunzwisiswa kune kupenya ruzivo pane kusiyanisa mavara.

Ne encoding luminance pakugadziriswa kwepamusoro kupfuura zvikamu zvechrominance, nzvimbo idzi dzinogonesa kudzvanya kwedata uku uchichengeta inonzwisisika mhando yemufananidzo. Iyi ndiyo nheyo yeakawanda edhijitari mavhidhiyo mafomati uye compression matekinoroji.

Maonero emunhu anonyanya kuona kuchinja kwekupenya pane kuchinja kwemavara. Ichi chebiological chokwadi chinoshandiswa mukudzvanya kwevhidhiyo nekupa yakawanda bandwidth kune ruzivo rwekuvhenekesa pane kuisa ruvara. Iyi nzira, inodaidzwa kuti chroma subsampling, inogona kuderedza saizi yefaira ne50% kana kupfuura ichichengetedza mhando yekuona inoita seyakada kufanana neiyo isina kudzvanywa sosi.

YCbCr Ruvara Nzvimbo

YCbCr ndiyo yakajairika ruvara nzvimbo inoshandiswa mudhijitari vhidhiyo uye mufananidzo compression. Y inomiririra kupenya, nepo Cb neCr iri yebhuruu-mutsauko uye tsvuku-mutsauko chrominance zvikamu. Iyi nzvimbo ine hukama neYUV asi yakachinjirwa madhijitari masisitimu.

JPEG mifananidzo, MPEG mavhidhiyo, uye akawanda edhijitari mavhidhiyo mafomati anoshandisa YCbCr encoding. Maitiro akajairwa e “chroma subsampling” (kuderedza kugadziriswa kweCb neCr chiteshi) mune aya mafomati anogoneka nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa kwechiedza-chrominance.

Chroma subsampling inowanzoratidzwa sereshiyo yenhamba nhatu, senge 4:2:0 kana 4:2:2. Muna 4:2:0 subsampling (yakajairwa mumavhidhiyo ekutepfenyura), pamasampure mana ega ega emwenje, panongova nemasamples maviri echrominance akachinjika uye hapana akatwasuka. Izvi zvinodzikisira gadziriso yeruvara kune imwe-kota yeruminance resolution, ichidzikisa zvakanyanya saizi yefaira uchichengeta yakanakisa inonzwisisika mhando.

  • Inoshandiswa mune angangoita ese edhijitari mavhidhiyo mafomati
  • Nheyo yeJPEG mufananidzo compression
  • Inogonesa kunyatsoita chroma subsampling (4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4)
  • Kusiyana kwakasiyana kuripo kune akasiyana mavhidhiyo zviyero
  • Inoshandiswa muH.264, H.265, VP9, neAV1 codecs

YUV Color Space

YUV yakagadziridzwa yeanalog terevhizheni masisitimu kuti ape kumashure kuenderana pakati peruvara uye nhema-uye-chena nhepfenyuro. Kufanana neYCbCr, inoparadzanisa luminance (Y) kubva kuchrominance (U uye V) zvikamu.

Nepo YUV ichiwanzo shandiswa colloquially kureva chero luminance-chrominance fomati, yechokwadi YUV yakanangana neanalog terevhizheni zviyero. Mazuvano madhijitari masisitimu anowanzo shandisa YCbCr, kunyangwe mazwi acho achiwanzo vhiringika kana kushandiswa zvakasiyana.

Iko kuvandudza kwekutanga kweYUV kwaive kubudirira kweinjiniya kwakagadzirisa dambudziko rekutepfenyura mavara eTV masaini uku uchichengeta kuenderana neaive aripo matema-ne-chena terevhizheni. Nekukodha ruzivo rwemavara nenzira iyo maTV matema-ne-chena aisazofuratira, mainjiniya akagadzira hurongwa hwekuti nhepfenyuro imwe chete inogona kutariswa pamhando mbiri dzeseti.

  • Kukosha kwenhoroondo mukusimudzira kutepfenyura kweterevhizheni
  • Kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa zvisiri izvo sezwi rakajairwa reYCbCr
  • Kusiyana kwakasiyana kuripo kune akasiyana analog TV zviyero
  • PAL, NTSC, uye SECAM masisitimu akashandisa akasiyana YUV kuita
  • Yakagonesa kuenderana neshure-ne-black-and-white terevhizheni

Rec.709 uye HD Vhidhiyo

Rec.709 (ITU-R Recommendation BT.709) inotsanangura nzvimbo yemavara uye encoding parameters ye high-definition terevhizheni. Iyo inotsanangura zvese zviri zviviri RGB primaries uye YCbCr encoding yeHD zvemukati, ine gamut yakafanana nesRGB.

Iyi chiyero inovimbisa kuenderana muHD kugadzirwa kwevhidhiyo uye kuratidzwa pane akasiyana midziyo uye nhepfenyuro masisitimu. Inosanganisira zvakatemwa zvemavara primaries, kutamisa mabasa (gamma), uye matrix coefficients eRGB kuenda kuYCbCr shanduko.

Rec.709 yakavambwa kumakore ekuma1990 seyakajairwa HDTV, isingatsananguri nzvimbo yeruvara chete asiwo mitengo yefuremu, resolution, uye mareshiyo. Yayo gamma curve yakati siyanei ne sRGB, kunyangwe ivo vachigovana zvakafanana mavara primaries. Nepo Rec.709 yaive yechimurenga panguva yayo, mitsva mitsva yakaita seRec.2020 uye HDR mafomati anopa zvakapamhama mavara emagetsi uye dynamic range.

  • Yakajairwa ruvara nzvimbo yeHD terevhizheni
  • Yakafanana gamut kune sRGB asi ine akasiyana encoding
  • Inoshandiswa muBlu-ray discs uye HD nhepfenyuro
  • Inotsanangura chaiyo isiri-mutsara wekufambisa basa (gamma)
  • Kuwedzerwa neHDR zviyero sePQ uye HLG

High Dynamic Range Vhidhiyo

Yepamusoro Dynamic Range (HDR) vhidhiyo inowedzera ese ari maviri eruvara gamut uye kupenya kwemhando yevhidhiyo yechinyakare. Zviyero zvakaita seHDR10, Dolby Vision, uye HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) inotsanangura kuti iyi yakawedzera chiyero inoiswa sei uye kuratidzwa.

Vhidhiyo yeHDR inowanzo shandisa mabasa matsva ekutamisa (EOTF) sePQ (Perceptual Quantizer, yakamisikidzwa seSMPTE ST 2084) iyo inogona kumiririra huwandu hwakawanda hwekupenya kwemazinga kupfuura echinyakare gamma curves. Zvakasanganiswa nehupamhi hwemavara gamuts seP3 kana Rec.2020, izvi zvinogadzira imwe yechokwadi uye inonyudza yekuona chiitiko.

Musiyano uripo pakati peSDR neHDR zvirimo unoshamisa – HDR inogona kumiririra zvese kubva kune yakadzika mimvuri kusvika kune inopenya inopenya mune imwechete furemu, yakafanana nemabatiro anoita ziso remunhu zviitiko chaizvo. Izvi zvinobvisa kudiwa kwekukanganisika mukufumurwa uye kusimba kwesimba kwave kuri madikanwa munhoroondo yese yefirimu nevhidhiyo.

  • Inowedzera zvose ruvara rwemavara uye kupenya kwemavara
  • Inoshandisa mabasa matsva ekutamisa sePQ uye HLG
  • HDR10 inopa 10-bit color ine static metadata
  • Dolby Vision inopa 12-bit color ine chiitiko-ne-chiitiko metadata
  • HLG yakagadzirirwa kuenderana nenhepfenyuro

Kuenzanisa Common Color Spaces

Rura Nzvimbo Pakungotarisa

Kuenzanisa uku kunosimbisa maitiro akakosha uye makesi ekushandisa kune akajairika mavara mavara. Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kwakakosha pakusarudza iyo yakakodzera ruvara nzvimbo yezvaunoda chaizvo.

RGB Ruvara Nzvimbo Kuenzanisa

  • sRGB: Diki gamut, chiyero chewebhu, kuenderana kwepasirese
  • Adobe RGB: Wider gamut, zviri nani kudhindwa, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakasvibira-cyan
  • Ratidza P3: Yakavandudzwa matsvuku uye magirini, anoshandiswa neApple zvishandiso
  • ProPhoto RGB: Yakanyanya kupamhama gamut, inoda 16-bit kudzika, yakanakira kutora mafoto
  • Rec.2020: Ultra-wide gamut ye4K/8K vhidhiyo, ramangwana-yakatarisana chiyero

Color Space Characteristics

  • CMYK: Inobvisa, inodhinda-inotungamirwa, diki gamut pane RGB
  • Lab: Chishandiso-chakazvimiririra, yunifomu, hombe gamut
  • HSL/HSV: Intuitive color kusarudzwa, kwete perceptually yunifomu
  • YCbCr: Inoparadzanisa luminance kubva kune ruvara, yakagadziridzwa kuitira kudzvanya
  • XYZ: Nzvimbo yereferensi yesainzi yemavara, isingashandiswe zvakananga kumifananidzo

Shandisa Case Recommendations

  • Webhu uye Digital Zvemukati: sRGB kana Ratidza P3 (ine sRGB yekudzokera shure)
  • Professional Photography: Adobe RGB kana ProPhoto RGB mune 16-bit
  • Print Production: Adobe RGB yenzvimbo yekushanda, CMYK mbiri yekubuda
  • Kugadzirwa kweVhidhiyo: Rec.709 yeHD, Rec.2020 yeUHD/HDR
  • Digital Art uye Dhizaini: Adobe RGB kana Display P3
  • Kugadziriswa Kwemavara: Lab yezvigadziriso zvinozvimiririra
  • UI/UX Dhizaini: HSL/HSV yekusarudzika kwemavara
  • Video Compression: YCbCr ine yakakodzera chroma subsampling

Inoshanda Ruvara Space Management

Color Management Systems

Ruvara manejimendi masisitimu (CMS) inovimbisa kuenderana kwemavara kuberekana pamidziyo yakasiyana nekushandisa maprofile emudziyo uye shanduko yenzvimbo yemavara. Iwo akakosha kune hunyanzvi workflows mukutora mifananidzo, dhizaini, uye kudhinda.

Hwaro hwemazuva ano manejimendi emavara ndiyo ICC (International Color Consortium) profile system. Maprofile aya anotsanangura mavara emidziyo chaiyo kana nzvimbo dzeruvara, zvichiita kuti pave neshanduro chaiyo pakati pazvo. Pasina kutonga kwakaringana kwemavara, iwo maRGB maitiro anogona kutaridzika zvakasiyana zvakasiyana pamidziyo yakasiyana.

  • Zvichienderana neICC maprofiles anoratidza maitiro eruvara rwemudziyo
  • Inoshandisa-yakazvimiririra maprofiles (seLab) senzvimbo yekuchinjana
  • Inobata gamut mepu yenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuenda
  • Inopa kupa zvinangwa zvezvinangwa zvakasiyana zvekushandura
  • Inotsigira ese ari maviri mudziyo link uye akawanda-nhanho shanduko

Ratidza Calibration

Monitor calibration ndiyo hwaro hwekutonga kwemavara, kuve nechokwadi chekuti chiratidziro chako chinomiririra mavara. Pasina calibrated monitor, mamwe ese emavara manejimendi ekuedza anogona kudzikisirwa.

Calibration inosanganisira kugadzirisa zvigadziriso zvemonitor yako uye kugadzira iyo ICC mbiri inogadzirisa chero kutsauka kubva kune yakajairwa mavara maitiro. Kuita uku kunowanzoda hardware colorimeter kana spectrophotometer yemhinduro dzakakwana, kunyangwe basic software calibration iri nani pane kusava nayo zvachose.

  • Hardware calibration zvishandiso zvinopa mhedzisiro chaiyo
  • Inogadzirisa nzvimbo chena, gamma, uye mhinduro yeruvara
  • Inogadzira iyo ICC mbiri iyo mavara ekutonga masisitimu anoshandisa
  • Inofanira kuitwa nguva dzose sezvo zviratidzo zvinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva
  • Zviratidziro zvehunyanzvi zvinowanzove zvine hardware calibration maficha

Kushanda neCamera Color Spaces

Makamera edhijitari anotora mifananidzo munzvimbo dzawo dzemavara, ayo anozoshandurwa kunzvimbo dzakajairwa seRGB kana Adobe RGB. Kunzwisisa maitiro aya kwakakosha kune kwakaringana mafoto workflows.

Imwe neimwe kamera ine yakasarudzika sensor ine yayo yega mhinduro yemavara maitiro. Vagadziri vekamera vanogadzira proprietary algorithms kugadzirisa mbishi sensor data munzvimbo dzakasarudzika dzemavara. Paunenge uchipfura muRAW fomati, iwe une kudzora kwakawanda pamusoro peiyi nzira yekushandura, ichibvumira kunyatsoita kwemavara manejimendi.

  • RAW mafaera ane ese mavara data akatorwa ne sensor
  • Mafaira eJPEG anoshandurwa kuita sRGB kana Adobe RGB mu-kamera
  • Makamera profiles anogona kuratidza chaiwo mhinduro dzemavara kamera
  • Yakakura-gamut nzvimbo dzekushanda dzinochengetedza iyo yakanyanya kamera data
  • DNG Ruvara Profiles (DCP) inopa chaiyo kamera ruvara data

Webhu-Yakachengeteka Rudzi Kufunga

Nepo mabhurawuza emazuva ano achitsigira manejimendi eruvara, akawanda anoratidza nemidziyo haadaro. Kugadzira zvemukati zvewebhu zvinotaridzika zvinoenderana pamidziyo yese zvinoda kunzwisisa zvipimo izvi.

Iyo webhu puratifomu iri kufamba yakanangana nani manejimendi emavara, neCSS Ruvara Module Level 4 ichiwedzera rutsigiro rwemavara nzvimbo yakatarwa. Nekudaro, kuti ienderane zvakanyanya, zvichiri kukosha kuti utarise zvipimo zve sRGB uye nekupa zvakafanira zvibodzwa zvezvakakura-gamut zvemukati.

  • sRGB inoramba iri yakachengeteka sarudzo yekuenderana kwepasirese
  • Embed color profiles mumifananidzo yemabrowser anoitsigira
  • CSS Color Module Level 4 inowedzera mavara enzvimbo
  • Kufambira mberi kwekusimudzira kwehupamhi-gamut kuratidza kunogoneka
  • Funga kushandisa @media mibvunzo kuona yakakura-gamut kuratidza

Print Production Workflow

Nyanzvi yekudhinda workflows inoda kungwarira kwemavara nzvimbo manejimendi kubva pakubata kusvika kune yekupedzisira kubuda. Shanduko kubva kuRGB kuenda kuCMYK inhanho yakakosha inofanirwa kubatwa nemazvo.

Kudhinda kwekutengesa kunoshandisa yakamisikidzwa CMYK mavara enzvimbo zvichienderana neakananga mamiriro ekudhinda. Aya mazinga anovimbisa mhedzisiro inowirirana kune vakasiyana vanodhinda vanopa uye madhindi. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti ndeipi nzvimbo yeruvara ye CMYK iyo printer yavo inoshandisa uye nekubatanidza ruzivo irwo mukufamba kwavo.

  • Soft proofing inotevedzera zvakadhindwa zvakabuda pachiratidziri
  • Printer profiles inoratidzira chaiyo mudziyo uye mapepa musanganiswa
  • Kupa zvinangwa zvinosarudzira gamut mepu nzira
  • Black point compensation inochengetedza mumvuri ruzivo
  • Proofing prints inosimbisa kurongeka kwemavara pamberi pekugadzirwa kwekupedzisira

Vhidhiyo Color Grading

Kugadzirwa kwevhidhiyo kunosanganisira kuomerwa kwemavara enzvimbo, kunyanya nekukwira kweHDR uye yakakura-gamut mafomati. Kunzwisisa pombi yakazara kubva pakubatwa kusvika pakuendeswa kwakakosha.

Kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwevhidhiyo kunowanzo shandisa iyo Academy Colour Encoding System (ACES) seyakajairwa color management system. ACES inopa yakajairika nzvimbo yekushanda kune ese mafoto zvisinei nekamera yakashandiswa, kurerutsa maitiro ekufananidza mapfuti kubva kwakasiyana zvinyorwa uye kugadzirira zvirimo kune akawanda ekutumira mafomati.

  • Mafomati elogi anochengetedza huwandu hwesimba kubva kumakamera
  • Nzvimbo dzekushanda dzakaita seACES dzinopa yakamira manejimendi yemavara
  • HDR zviyero zvinosanganisira PQ uye HLG kutamisa mabasa
  • Mafomati ekutumira angangoda akawanda mavara nzvimbo shanduro
  • LUTs (Tarisa-Kumusoro Matafura) anobatsira kumisa shanduko yemavara

Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Nzvimbo Yemavara

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pemuenzaniso wemavara uye nzvimbo yemavara?

Mucherechedzo weruvara chimiro chetioretical chekumiririra mavara achishandisa manhamba (seRGB kana CMYK), nepo nzvimbo yeruvara iri chaiyo yekuitwa kwemuenzaniso weruvara une maparameter akatsanangurwa. Semuenzaniso, RGB imhando yemhando, nepo sRGB neAdobe RGB inzvimbo dzakatarwa dzemavara zvichienderana neRGB modhi, imwe neimwe iine akasiyana gamuts uye maitiro. Funga nezve modhi yeruvara seyakajairwa sisitimu (sekutsanangura nzvimbo uchishandisa latitude/longitude) nenzvimbo yeruvara semepu chaiyo yegadziriro iyoyo (semepu ine hudzamu yeimwe dunhu ine macoordinates chaiwo).

Sei zvakadhindwa zvangu zvichitaridzika zvakasiyana nezvandinoona pachiratidziri?

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokonzera musiyano uyu: vatariri vanoshandisa RGB (kuwedzera) ruvara apo vanodhinda vanoshandisa CMYK (subtractive) ruvara; zviratidzo zvinowanzova negamut yakakura kudarika yakadhindwa; masikirini anoburitsa chiedza apo anodhinda achiratidza; uye pasina kutonga kwakanaka kwemavara, hapana shandurudzo pakati penzvimbo idzi dzakasiyana dzemavara. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando yepepa inokanganisa zvakanyanya kuti mavara anoonekwa sei mukudhindwa, aine mapepa asina kuvharwa anowanzo kubudisa mavara asina kuzara kupfuura mapepa anopenya. Kugadzirisa cheki yako uye kushandisa ICC profiles kune yako chaiyo printa uye bepa musanganiswa kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kusiyana uku, kunyangwe mimwe misiyano inogara ichiripo nekuda kwekusiyana kwemuviri pakati pezviratidziro zvinoburitsa chiedza uye maprints anoratidza chiedza.

Ndinofanira kushandisa sRGB, Adobe RGB, kana ProPhoto RGB kutora mifananidzo?

Zvinoenderana nekufambiswa kwebasa rako uye zvinobuda zvinodiwa. sRGB yakanakira mifananidzo yakarongerwa webhu kana kutarisisa kwese pamasikirini. Adobe RGB yakanakira kudhinda basa, ichipa yakafara gamut inoenderana zvirinani nekudhinda. ProPhoto RGB yakanakira kufambiswa kwebasa uko kwakakosha kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemavara, kunyanya kana uchishanda nemafaira eRAW mu16-bit mode. Vazhinji vanotora mafoto vanoshandisa nzira yakasanganiswa: kugadzirisa muProPhoto RGB kana Adobe RGB, vozoshandura kuita sRGB yekugovana webhu. Kana iwe uri kupfura muJPEG fomati mu-kamera, Adobe RGB inowanzova sarudzo iri nani pane sRGB kana kamera yako ichiitsigira, sezvo ichichengetedza rumwe ruzivo rweruvara rwekuzogadziriswa gare gare. Nekudaro, kana iwe ukapfura RAW (inokurudzirwa kune yakanyanya kunaka), nzvimbo yekamera yeruvara inongokanganisa JPEG preview uye kwete iyo chaiyo RAW data.

Chii chinoitika kana mavara ari kunze kwenzvimbo yemavara gamut?

Paunenge uchishandura pakati penzvimbo dzemavara, mavara anowira kunze kwenzvimbo yekuenda gamut inofanirwa kudhindwa patsva uchishandisa maitiro anonzi gamut mapping. Izvi zvinodzorwa nekupa zvinangwa: Kupa pfungwa kunochengetedza hukama hwekuona pakati pemavara nekudzvanya gamut yese; Relative Colorimetric inochengetedza mavara ari mukati mezvese gamuts uye clips kunze-kwe-gamut mavara kune iri pedyo reproducible ruvara; Absolute Colorimetric yakafanana asiwo inogadzirisa chena bepa; uye Saturation inotungamira kuchengetedza mavara ane simba pamusoro pekururama. Sarudzo yekupa chinangwa inoenderana nezviri mukati uye zvaunokoshesa. Kune mafoto, Perceptual inowanzo buritsa yakasarudzika-inotaridzika mhedzisiro. Kune magiraidhi ane chaiwo mavara emhando, Relative Colorimetric inowanzo shanda zvirinani kuchengetedza iwo chaiwo mavara pazvinogoneka. Masisitimu emazuva ano ekutonga kwemavara anogona kukuratidza kuti ndeapi mavara ari kunze kwegamut asati atendeuka, achikubvumidza kuti ugadzirise kune akakosha mavara.

Kwakakosha sei kutarisisa calibration yekutonga kwemavara?

Monitor calibration ndiyo hwaro hwechero color management system. Pasina chiratidziro chakagadziridzwa, uri kuita sarudzo dzekugadzirisa zvichienderana neruzivo rwemavara rusina chokwadi. Calibration inogadzirisa monitor yako kune inozivikanwa, yakajairwa mamiriro nekuisa iyo chena poindi (kazhinji D65/6500K), gamma (kazhinji 2.2), uye kupenya (kazhinji 80-120 cd/m²), uye inogadzira ICC mbiri iyo inodzorwa nemavara maapplication anoshandisa kuratidza mavara nemazvo. Kubasa reunyanzvi, chigadziriso chehardware chakakosha uye kudzokorora kunofanirwa kuitwa pamwedzi. Kunyangwe mutengi-giredhi colorimeters anogona zvinoshamisa kuvandudza kunaka kwemavara kana zvichienzaniswa neasina kuverengerwa kuratidza. Pamusoro pekugadzirisa, nzvimbo yako yekushanda ine basa zvakare – madziro egrey asina kwaakarerekera, mwenje unodzorwa, uye kudzivirira mwenje wakananga pachiratidziro zvese zvinobatsira pakuona kwemavara. Zvebasa rakakosha reruvara, funga kuisa mari mune yehunyanzvi-giredhi yekutarisa ine yakakura gamut yekuvhara, hardware calibration kugona, uye hood yekuvharira ambient mwenje.

Ndeipi nzvimbo yemavara yandinofanira kushandisa pawebhu dhizaini nekusimudzira?

sRGB inoramba iri chiyero chewebhu zvemukati sezvo ichiva nechokwadi chekuenderana zvakanyanya pamidziyo yakasiyana uye mabhurawuza. Nepo mabhurawuza emazuva ano ari kuramba achitsigira manejimendi eruvara uye gamuts yakakura, zvishandiso zvakawanda nemabhurawuza haasati. Kune mapurojekiti anotarisa kumberi, unogona kuita kusimudzira kunofambira mberi nekushandisa sRGB seyokutanga uchipa yakakura-gamut midziyo (uchishandisa CSS Ruvara Module Level 4 maficha kana akamaka mifananidzo) yemidziyo inovatsigira. Iyo CSS Ruvara Module Level 4 inounza rutsigiro rwekuratidzira-p3, prophoto-rgb, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzemavara kuburikidza nemabasa akaita seruvara (ratidza-p3 1 0.5 0), ichibvumira vagadziri vewebhu kunanga yakafara-gamut kuratidzwa pasina kupira kuenderana. Kuti uenderane zvakanyanya nemabhurawuza echikuru, chengetedza sRGB vhezheni yezvinhu zvese uye shandisa yekuona chimiro kuti ushumire zvakakura-gamut zvemukati chete kumidziyo inoenderana. Gara uchiyedza magadzirirwo ako pamidziyo yakawanda uye mabhurawuza kuti uone kutaridzika kunogamuchirwa kune vese vashandisi.

Ko nzvimbo dzemavara dzinokanganisa sei kudzvanywa kwemufananidzo uye saizi yefaira?

Nzvimbo dzemavara dzinokanganisa zvakanyanya kudzvanywa kwemufananidzo uye saizi yefaira. Kushandura kubva kuRGB kuenda kuYCbCr (muJPEG compression) inobvumira chroma subsampling, iyo inoderedza saizi yefaira nekuchengetedza ruzivo rweruvara pane yakaderera ruzivo pane ruzivo rwekupenya, kushandisa hukuru hwekunzwa kweziso remunhu kune ruzivo rwekupenya. Wide-gamut spaces seProPhoto RGB inoda kudzika kwakadzika (16-bit vs. 8-bit) kudzivirira kusungirirwa, zvichikonzera mafaera makuru. Paunenge uchichengeta mumafomati sePNG asingashandise chroma subsampling, iyo nzvimbo yemavara pachayo haina zvakanyanya kukanganisa saizi yefaira, asi kudzika kwepamusoro kunoita. Mafaira eJPEG akachengetwa muAdobe RGB kana ProPhoto RGB haashandisi zvakanyanya kuchengetedza kupfuura sRGB shanduro pamhando imwe chete yekuseta, asi anofanirwa kusanganisira yakamisikidzwa yemavara mbiri kuti iratidzwe nenzira kwayo, ichiwedzera zvishoma kuhukuru hwefaira. Kuti ukwanise kudzvanya zvakanyanya mumafomati ekutumira, kuchinjisa ku8-bit sRGB kana YCbCr ine subsampling yakakodzera kazhinji inopa chiyero chepamusoro chesaizi yefaira uye mhando inooneka.

Ndeupi hukama pakati penzvimbo dzemavara uye kudzika zvishoma?

Kudzika zvishoma uye nzvimbo yeruvara ipfungwa dzakabatana dzinokanganisa kunaka kwemufananidzo. Kudzika kweBit kunoreva huwandu hwemabhiti anoshandiswa kumiririra yega yega chiteshi, zvichitarisa kuti mangani akasiyana mavara emhando anogona kumiririrwa. Nepo nzvimbo yeruvara ichitsanangura huwandu hwemavara (gamut), kudzika zvishoma kunoratidza kuti iro renji rakakamurwa zvakatsetseka sei. Yakapamhama gamut mavara enzvimbo seProPhoto RGB kazhinji inoda yakakwira bit kudzika kudzivirira bhendi uye posterization. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti nhamba imwechete yemhando dzakasiyana dzinofanirwa kutambanudza mumhando yakakura, ichigadzira “matanho” makuru pakati pemavara ari pedyo. Semuyenzaniso, 8-bit encoding inopa 256 mazinga pachiteshi, izvo zvinowanzokwanira sRGB asi isingakwane ProPhoto RGB. Ndokusaka nyanzvi dzekushanda dzichiwanzoshandisa 16-bit pachiteshi (65,536 mazinga) kana uchishanda munzvimbo dzakafara-gamut. Saizvozvo, HDR yemukati inoda kudzika kwakadzika (10-bit kana 12-bit) kunyatsomiririra kupenya kwayo kwakawedzera. Iko kusanganiswa kwenzvimbo yeruvara uye kudzika zvishoma pamwe chete kunosarudza huwandu hwemavara akasiyana anogona kumiririrwa mumufananidzo.

Master Color Management muProjekti Yako

Kunyangwe iwe uri mutori wemifananidzo, mugadziri, kana mugadziri, kunzwisisa nzvimbo dzemavara kwakakosha pakugadzira basa rehunyanzvi. Shandisa aya pfungwa kuti uone kuti mavara ako anotaridzika anoenderana pane ese midhiya.

Enzanisa Color Spaces Ona Mazano Anoshanda
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