Gusobanukirwa Ibara ryamabara mumashusho ya Digital
Shakisha icyerekezo cyuzuye cyerekana ibara ryerekana amabara, umwanya wamabara, hamwe nibisabwa mugufotora, gushushanya, no kwerekana amashusho. Koresha amabara meza kubisubizo byuzuye mubikoresho byose.
Ubuyobozi Bwuzuye Kuri Ibara
Umwanya wamabara nicyitegererezo cyimibare itwemerera guhagararira no gusobanura neza amabara muburyo butunganijwe. Gusobanukirwa umwanya wamabara nibyingenzi kubafotora, abashushanya, abanditsi ba videwo, numuntu wese ukorana na digitale. Iki gitabo cyuzuye gikubiyemo ibintu byose uhereye kumyumvire yibanze kugeza tekinoroji yo kuyobora amabara.
Impamvu Ibara Ibara rifite akamaro
Umwanya wamabara asobanura uburyo amabara yororoka mubikoresho bitandukanye nibitangazamakuru. Bagena urutonde rwamabara (gamut) ashobora kwerekanwa cyangwa gucapwa, bigira ingaruka kumyizerere no gukomera kwamashusho yawe. Hatariho gucunga neza ibara ryibibanza, amashusho yawe yatunganijwe neza arashobora kugaragara muburyo butandukanye nubushake iyo urebye kuri ecran zitandukanye cyangwa ibikoresho byacapwe.
Isi ya digitale ishingiye kumatumanaho neza. Iyo ufashe ifoto, ugahindura ishusho, cyangwa ugashushanya urubuga, uba ukorera mumwanya wihariye wamabara asobanura amabara ushobora kuboneka nuburyo bugereranijwe mubiharuro. Ibibanza byamabara bikora nkururimi rusange rwemeza ko umutuku wawe ari umutuku umwe kuri ecran yundi cyangwa mu icapiro.
- Iremeza ko ibara ryororoka rihoraho mubikoresho
- Kugabanya amabara aboneka murwego rwawe
- Irinde guhinduranya amabara mugihe cyo guhindura imiterere
- Ibyingenzi kubisohokayandikiro-byujuje ubuziranenge
- Nibyingenzi kubirango bihoraho mubitangazamakuru byandika kandi byandika
Gusobanukirwa Ibara ryikitegererezo hamwe nu mwanya
Ibara ryamabara hamwe nu mwanya wamabara
Mugihe gikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bumwe, ibara ryamabara hamwe nibibanza byamabara nibitekerezo bitandukanye. Icyitegererezo cyamabara nuburyo bufatika bwo kwerekana amabara (nka RGB cyangwa CMYK), mugihe umwanya wibara nigikorwa cyihariye cyo gushyira mubikorwa ibara ryerekana ibipimo bisobanutse (nka sRGB cyangwa Adobe RGB).
Tekereza icyitegererezo cyamabara nkuburyo rusange bwo gusobanura amabara, nko kuvuga “kuvanga itukura, icyatsi, nubururu kugirango ukore amabara.” Umwanya wamabara utanga amategeko yihariye: neza nigicucu cyumutuku, icyatsi, nubururu bwo gukoresha, nuburyo bwiza bwo kubivanga kugirango ubone ibisubizo bihamye.
- Ibara ryamabara asobanura urwego rwo kwerekana amabara
- Umwanya wamabara ugaragaza ibipimo nyabyo murugero
- Umwanya wamabara menshi urashobora kubaho muburyo bumwe
- Umwanya w’amabara wasobanuye imipaka no kugereranya guhinduka
Inyongera na Ibara rikuramo
Moderi yamabara yashyizwe mubyiciro byongeweho cyangwa bikuramo, bitewe nuburyo barema amabara. Moderi yinyongera (nka RGB) ihuza urumuri kugirango ireme amabara, mugihe moderi ikuramo (nka CMYK) ikora mukunyunyuza uburebure bwumucyo.
Itandukaniro ryibanze riri mubitekerezo byabo: ibara ryongeweho ritangirana numwijima (nta mucyo) kandi ryongeramo urumuri rwamabara kugirango rureke urumuri, rugera cyera mugihe amabara yose ahujwe nuburemere bwuzuye. Ibara rikuramo ritangirana numweru (nkurupapuro rwuzuye) hanyuma ukongeramo wino ikuramo (gukuramo) uburebure bwumuraba runaka, igera kumwirabura mugihe amabara yose ahujwe nuburemere bwuzuye.
- Inyongera: RGB (ecran, kwerekana imibare)
- Gukuramo: CMYK (icapiro, itangazamakuru ryumubiri)
- Porogaramu zitandukanye zisaba inzira zitandukanye
- Guhindura amabara hagati ya sisitemu yo kongeramo no gukuramo bisaba guhinduka bigoye
Ibara rya Gamut hamwe na Byimbitse
Umwanya wibara rya gamut bivuga urutonde rwamabara ashobora kugereranya. Ubujyakuzimu buke bugaragaza umubare wamabara atandukanye ashobora kugaragazwa muri iyo gamut. Hamwe na hamwe, ibi bintu bisobanura umwanya wibara ryubushobozi.
Tekereza gamut nka palette yamabara aboneka, hamwe nubujyakuzimu buke nkuburyo ayo mabara ashobora kuvangwa neza. Imikino ntarengwa irashobora kubura amabara akomeye rwose, mugihe ubujyakuzimu budahagije butera guhuza kugaragara muri gradients aho guhinduka neza. Akazi kabuhariwe gakenera kenshi gamut yagutse hamwe nuburebure buke bwo gufata no kwerekana urutonde rwuzuye rwamakuru.
- Imikino yagutse irashobora kwerekana amabara menshi
- Ubujyakuzimu buke bwemerera gradients yoroshye
- 8-bit = urwego 256 kumurongo (miriyoni 16.7)
- 16-bit = urwego 65.536 kumurongo (miliyari y’amabara)
- Akazi k’umwuga akenshi gasaba umwanya-wimikino ufite uburebure buke
Umwanya wamabara ya RGB Yasobanuwe
Icyitegererezo cyamabara ya RGB
RGB (Umutuku, Icyatsi, Ubururu) nicyitegererezo cyamabara yerekana aho umutuku, icyatsi, nubururu byahujwe muburyo butandukanye kugirango bibyare amabara menshi. Ni umusingi wo kwerekana ibyerekanwa, kuva kuri terefone zigendanwa kugeza kuri mudasobwa na televiziyo.
Muri moderi ya RGB, buri muyoboro wamabara mubisanzwe ukoresha bits 8, ukemerera urwego 256 kumurongo. Ibi birema uburebure bwa 24-biti (8 bits × 3 imiyoboro), bushobora kugereranya amabara agera kuri miliyoni 16.7. Porogaramu zumwuga akenshi zikoresha 10-bit (hejuru ya miliyari 1 y’amabara) cyangwa 16-bit (hejuru ya tiriyari 281) kugirango ibara risobanutse neza.
RGB ishingiye kumikorere ya sisitemu yumuntu yitabira urumuri, hamwe namabara atatu yibanze hafi yubwoko butatu bwakira amabara (cones) mumaso yacu. Ibi bituma bisanzwe bikwiranye no kwerekana ibiri muri digitale, ariko kandi bivuze ko amabara atandukanye ya RGB ashobora gutandukana cyane murwego rwabo no mubiranga.
sRGB (RGB isanzwe)
Byatunganijwe na HP na Microsoft mu 1996, sRGB nu mwanya wamabara asanzwe akoreshwa mumashusho ya digitale, monitor, nurubuga. Ifite hafi 35% yamabara agaragara kandi yagenewe guhuza ibikoresho bisanzwe murugo hamwe nu biro byerekana ibikoresho.
Nubwo umukino ugereranije ugereranije, sRGB ikomeza kuba igipimo cyibirimo kurubuga no gufotora abaguzi kubera guhuza isi yose. Ibikoresho byinshi byahinduwe kugirango byerekane sRGB neza muburyo budasanzwe, bituma ihitamo neza mugihe ushaka amabara ahoraho kuri ecran zitandukanye nta gucunga amabara.
Umwanya wamabara ya sRGB wateguwe nkana na gamut ntoya ugereranije nubushobozi bwa monitor ya CRT kuva 1990. Iyi mbogamizi yagumye muri ecosystem ya kijyambere, nubwo ibipimo bishya bigenda byemerwa buhoro buhoro.
- Umwanya wamabara asanzwe kubintu byinshi bya digitale
- Iremeza isura ihamye mubikoresho byinshi
- Nibyiza kubirimo bishingiye kurubuga no gufotora muri rusange
- Byakoreshejwe muburyo busanzwe muri kamera zabaguzi na terefone zigendanwa
- Ifite agaciro ka gamma hafi 2.2
Adobe RGB (1998)
Byatunganijwe na Adobe Sisitemu, Adobe RGB itanga umukino mugari kuruta sRGB, ikubiyemo hafi 50% byamabara agaragara. Yashizweho byumwihariko kugirango ikubiyemo amabara menshi ashobora kugerwaho kuri printer ya CMYK yamabara, bigatuma agira agaciro kubikorwa byo gucapa.
Umukino wagutse wa Adobe RGB ugaragara cyane cyane muri cyan-icyatsi kibisi, gikunze kugabanywa muri sRGB. Ibi bituma ikundwa nabafotozi babigize umwuga nabashushanya bakeneye kubungabunga amabara meza, cyane cyane kubisohoka.
Imwe mu nyungu zingenzi za Adobe RGB nubushobozi bwayo bwo kwerekana amabara yagutse yuzuye mukarere ka cyan-cyan, kikaba ari ingenzi kumafoto yimiterere nibidukikije. Nyamara, iyi nyungu igaragara gusa mugihe ibikorwa byose (gufata, guhindura, nibisohoka) bishyigikira umwanya wamabara ya Adobe RGB.
- Umukino mugari kuruta sRGB, cyane cyane muri green na cyans
- Ibyiza byo gucapa umusaruro
- Bikundwa nabafotozi benshi babigize umwuga
- Kuboneka nkuburyo bwo gufata muri kamera zohejuru
- Irasaba gucunga amabara kugirango yerekane neza
Yamaha RGB
Byatunganijwe na Kodak, ProPhoto RGB (izwi kandi nka ROMM RGB) nimwe mumwanya munini w’amabara ya RGB, ikubiyemo hafi 90% y’amabara agaragara. Irenze kure iyerekwa ryabantu mubice bimwe na bimwe, ikabasha kubika amabara hafi ya yose kamera ishobora gufata.
Bitewe na gamut nini, ProPhoto RGB isaba uburebure bwimbitse (16-bit kuri buri muyoboro aho kuba 8-bit) kugirango wirinde guhambira gradients. Irakoreshwa cyane cyane mubikorwa byo gufotora byumwuga, cyane cyane mububiko bwububiko no gucapa cyane.
ProPhoto RGB ni umwanya usanzwe ukoreramo muri Adobe Lightroom kandi akenshi irasabwa kubika amakuru menshi yamabara mugihe cyiterambere ryibanze. Ninini cyane kuburyo amwe mumabara yayo ari “imaginary” (hanze yicyerekezo cyabantu), ariko ibi byerekana ko ntamabara yafashwe na kamera yaciwe mugihe cyo guhindura.
- Byagutse cyane gamut itwikiriye amabara agaragara
- Kubika amabara yafashwe na kamera yohejuru
- Irasaba 16-biti yo gukora kugirango wirinde guhambira
- Umwanya ukoreramo muri Adobe Itara
- Ntibikwiye kumiterere yanyuma yo gutanga nta guhinduka
Erekana P3
Byakozwe na Apple, Erekana P3 ishingiye kumwanya wibara rya DCI-P3 ukoreshwa muri cinema ya digitale. Itanga hafi 25% yibara ryinshi kuruta sRGB, cyane cyane mumutuku nicyatsi, bigatuma amashusho agaragara cyane kandi mubuzima.
Erekana P3 imaze kumenyekana cyane kuko ishyigikiwe nibikoresho bya Apple, harimo iphone, iPad, na Mac hamwe na gamut yerekana. Yerekana hagati hagati ya sRGB nu mwanya mugari nka Adobe RGB, itanga amabara meza mugihe gikomeza guhuza neza.
Umwanya wamabara ya P3 wabanje gukorwa muburyo bwa cinema ya digitale (DCI-P3), ariko Apple yayihuje nubuhanga bwo kwerekana ikoresheje D65 yera (kimwe na sRGB) aho gukoresha DCI yera. Ibi bituma birushaho kuba byiza bivanze-bitangazamakuru mugihe bikomeje gutanga amabara meza cyane kuruta sRGB.
- Umukino mugari ufite ubwiza butukura nicyatsi
- Kavukire ya Apple Retina yerekana nibikoresho bigendanwa
- Gukura inkunga kurubuga rusange
- Koresha ingingo imwe yera (D65) nka sRGB
- Kuba ingirakamaro cyane kurubuga rwa kijyambere no gushushanya porogaramu
Rec.2020 (BT.2020)
Yatunganijwe kuri tereviziyo ya ultra-high-ibisobanuro (UHDTV), Rec.2020 ikubiyemo hejuru ya 75% y’amabara agaragara. Ninini cyane kurenza sRGB na Adobe RGB, itanga amabara adasanzwe kubintu 4K na 8K.
Mugihe ibyerekanwe bike bishobora kubyara gamut yuzuye ya Rec.2020, ikora nkibipimo byimbere-byerekana amashusho yo mu rwego rwo hejuru no gutunganya neza. Mugihe kwerekana tekinoroji igenda itera imbere, ibikoresho byinshi bigenda byegereza uyu mwanya wagutse.
Rec.2020 iri murwego mpuzamahanga rwa Ultra HDTV kandi ikoreshwa ifatanije na tekinoroji ya High Dynamic Range (HDR) nka HDR10 na Dolby Vision. Imikino yagutse cyane ikoresha amabara yibanze ya monochromatique (467nm yubururu, 532nm icyatsi kibisi, na 630nm umutuku) yegereye inkombe yikigaragara, ikayemerera gukubiyemo amabara hafi ya yose abantu bashobora kubona.
- Umukino mugari cyane kuri ultra-high-ibisobanuro birimo
- Ibihe bizaza-byerekana tekinoroji igaragara
- Ikoreshwa mubikorwa byo gutunganya amashusho yumwuga
- Igice cya ecosystem ya HDR ya videwo izakurikiraho
- Kugeza ubu nta disikuru ishobora kubyara umukino wuzuye wa Rec.2020
Umwanya wamabara ya CMYK no gucapa umusaruro
Icyitegererezo cyamabara ya CMYK
CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Umuhondo, Urufunguzo / Umukara) ni moderi ikuramo ibara ikoreshwa cyane cyane mugucapa. Bitandukanye na RGB, yongeramo urumuri rwo gukora amabara, CMYK ikora mukunyunyuza (gukuramo) uburebure bwumurongo uturutse kumucyo wera, ukoresheje wino kumpapuro cyangwa izindi substrate.
Imikino ya CMYK mubisanzwe ni ntoya kurenza amabara ya RGB, niyo mpamvu amashusho ya digitale ya digitale rimwe na rimwe agaragara nabi iyo yacapwe. Gusobanukirwa isano iri hagati ya RGB na CMYK ningirakamaro kubashushanya nabafotora bakora ibintu kubitangazamakuru byandika kandi byandika.
Mubyigisho, guhuza cyan, magenta, numuhondo imbaraga zose bigomba kubyara umukara, ariko kubera umwanda wino wisi, mubisanzwe bivamo umukara wijimye wijimye. Niyo mpamvu wongeyeho umwirabura wihariye (K) wino, utanga abirabura nyabo kandi utezimbere igicucu kirambuye. “K” bisobanura “Urufunguzo” kuko isahani yumukara itanga ibisobanuro byingenzi no guhuza andi mabara mugucapisha gakondo.
Ubwoko butandukanye bwimpapuro, uburyo bwo gucapa, hamwe na wino irashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kuburyo amabara ya CMYK agaragara mubisohoka byanyuma. Niyo mpanvu imyuga yo gucapa yabigize umwuga yishingikiriza cyane kumicungire yamabara hamwe nibisanzwe bya CMYK bijyanye nibidukikije byihariye.
Umwanya usanzwe wa CMYK
Bitandukanye na RGB, yasobanuye neza umwanya wamabara nka sRGB na Adobe RGB, imyanya yamabara ya CMYK iratandukanye cyane bitewe nuburyo bwo gucapa, ubwoko bwimpapuro, hamwe na wino. Bimwe mubisanzwe CMYK ikubiyemo:
- Urubuga rwo muri Amerika rwashizweho (SWOP) v2 – Igipimo cyo gucapa urubuga rwa interineti muri Amerika ya ruguru
- Yashizweho FOGRA39 (ISO 12647-2: 2004) – Igipimo cyiburayi kumpapuro zometseho
- Ubuyapani Ibara 2001 – Igipimo cyo gucapa offset mu Buyapani
- GRACoL 2006 Yashizweho – Ibisobanuro byo gucapa neza
- FOGRA27 – Igipimo cyimpapuro zometse i Burayi (verisiyo ishaje)
- Urupapuro rwo muri Amerika rwashizweho v2 – Kumpapuro zagaburiwe offset icapisha kumpapuro
- Abanyamerika batambaye v2 – Kubicapa kumpapuro zidafunze
- FOGRA47 – Ku mpapuro zidafunze mu Burayi
RGB Kuri CMYK Guhindura
Guhindura kuva muri RGB ukajya muri CMYK bikubiyemo ibara ryibara ryimibare no gushushanya amakarita, kubera ko CMYK idashobora kubyara amabara yose ya RGB. Iyi nzira, izwi nko guhindura amabara, ni ikintu gikomeye cyibikorwa byumwuga byandika.
Guhindura RGB kuri CMYK biragoye kuko ihinduka kuva mubyongeweho kugirango ikuremo ibara ryerekana amabara mugihe icyarimwe ushushanya amabara kuva gamut nini ukagera kuri muto. Hatabayeho gucunga neza amabara, ubururu bwatsi nicyatsi muri RGB birashobora guhinduka umwijima nicyondo muri CMYK, umutuku urashobora guhinduka werekeza kumacunga, kandi amabara atandukanye ashobora gutakara.
- Irasaba sisitemu yo gucunga amabara kugirango ibe yuzuye
- Bikwiye gukorwa ukoresheje imyirondoro ya ICC kubisubizo byiza
- Akenshi uhindura isura yamabara meza
- Ibyiza byakozwe bitinze mubikorwa byo gukora
- Icyemezo cyoroshye gishobora kureba CMYK igaragara kuri RGB yerekana
- Intego zitandukanye zo gutanga intego zitanga ibisubizo bitandukanye
Ibara ryibara hamwe na Gamut yagutse
Kugira ngo CMYK itsinde imbogamizi, icapiro akenshi ririmo amabara yibiboneka (nka Pantone) cyangwa sisitemu yagutse yongeramo wino ya orange, icyatsi, na violet (CMYK + OGV) kugirango yongere amabara asubirwamo.
Ibara ryibara ryavanze cyane wino ikoreshwa muguhuza ibara neza, cyane cyane kuranga ibintu nka logo. Bitandukanye na CMYK yamabara yatunganijwe muguhuza utudomo twa wino enye zisanzwe, amabara yibibara yabanje kuvangwa na formulaire neza, byemeza guhuza neza mubikoresho byose byacapwe.
- Sisitemu yo guhuza Pantone itanga amabara asanzwe
- Kwagura imikino ya gamut yegera ibara rya RGB
- Hexachrome hamwe nubundi buryo bwongeramo wino y’ibanze
- Nibyingenzi kubirango bibara neza mubipfunyika no kwamamaza
- CMYK + Orange, Icyatsi, Violet (7-ibara) sisitemu irashobora kubyara kugeza 90% byamabara ya Pantone
- Imashini igezweho ya digitale akenshi ishyigikira icapiro ryimikino
Laboratoire nigikoresho-cyigenga cyamabara
Igikoresho-cyigenga cyamabara yicyitegererezo
Bitandukanye na RGB na CMYK, biterwa nibikoresho (isura yabo iratandukanye bitewe nibyuma), umwanya wibara ryigenga ryibikoresho nka CIE L * a * b * (Lab) na CIE XYZ ugamije gusobanura amabara nkuko abonwa nijisho ryumuntu, utitaye kuburyo yerekanwe cyangwa yororoka.
Ibibanza byamabara bikora nkibishingiro bya sisitemu igezweho yo gucunga amabara, ikora nk “umusemuzi rusange” hagati yibikoresho bitandukanye na moderi y’amabara. Bashingiye kumyumvire yubumenyi yimyumvire yabantu aho kuba ubushobozi bwibikoresho.
Ibikoresho byigenga byamabara ni ngombwa kuko bitanga ingingo ihamye mugucunga amabara akazi. Mugihe indangagaciro zimwe za RGB zishobora kugaragara zitandukanye kuri moniteur zitandukanye, agaciro ka Lab ibara ryerekana ibara rimwe ryibonekeje utitaye kubikoresho. Niyo mpamvu Laboratwari ikora nk’Umwirondoro uhuza Umwanya (PCS) mu micungire y’amabara ya ICC, ikorohereza guhinduka neza hagati y’amabara atandukanye.
CIE XYZ Umwanya Ibara
Ryakozwe mu 1931 na komisiyo mpuzamahanga ishinzwe kumurika (CIE), umwanya wibara rya XYZ niwo mwanya wambere wibara ryasobanuwe. Irimo amabara yose agaragara kumaso yumuntu asanzwe kandi ikora nk’ishingiro ryibindi bibara.
Muri XYZ, Y yerekana urumuri, mugihe X na Z ari indangagaciro zifatika zijyanye na chromatic yibigize ibara. Uyu mwanya ukoreshwa cyane cyane nkibipimo ngenderwaho kandi ni gake kubisobanuro bifatika. Igumye kuba shingiro kubumenyi bwa siyanse nishingiro ryo guhindura amabara.
Umwanya wamabara CIE XYZ wakomotse kumurongo wubushakashatsi ku myumvire yabantu. Abashakashatsi bashushanyije uburyo abantu basanzwe babonaga uburebure butandukanye bw’umucyo, bagakora icyitwa umwanya w’amabara ya CIE 1931, gikubiyemo igishushanyo kizwi cyane cyitwa “ifarashi y’ifarashi” cyerekana ishusho yerekana amabara yose ashobora kugaragara ku bantu.
- Urufatiro rwo gupima amabara ya siyansi
- Harimo amabara yose agaragara-muntu
- Byakoreshejwe nkibisobanuro byo guhindura amabara
- Ukurikije ibipimo byimyumvire yabantu
- Yatejwe imbere ukoresheje icyitegererezo gisanzwe
CIE L * a * b * (Lab) Umwanya wamabara
Yatunganijwe mu 1976, CIE L * a * b * (bakunze kwita “Laboratoire”) yashizweho kugirango ibe imwe, bivuze ko intera ingana mumwanya wamabara ihuye nikigereranyo cyo gutandukanya ibara. Ibi bituma biba byiza gupima ibara ritandukanye no gukora amabara akosora.
Muri Laboratwari, L * yerekana urumuri (0-100), a * igereranya icyatsi kibisi-umutuku, na b * igereranya ubururu-umuhondo. Uku gutandukanya urumuri namakuru yamabara atuma Laboratwari igira akamaro cyane mumirimo yo guhindura amashusho nko guhindura itandukaniro bitagize ingaruka kumabara.
Uburinganire bwa laboratoire butuma butagereranywa mugukosora amabara no kugenzura ubuziranenge. Niba amabara abiri afite itandukaniro rito ryumubare mubyagaciro bya Laboratwari, bizagaragara gusa bitandukanye gato nabantu babireba. Uyu mutungo ntabwo arukuri kuri RGB cyangwa CMYK, aho itandukaniro ryimibare imwe rishobora kuvamo impinduka zinyuranye zigaragara bitewe nigihe mumwanya wamabara amabara ari.
- Byumvikane neza kubipima neza
- Itandukanya urumuri namakuru yamabara
- Byakoreshejwe muburyo bwo guhindura amashusho no gukosora amabara
- Ibice byingenzi bigize ICC ibara ryimikorere
- Irashobora kwerekana amabara hanze ya gamut ya RGB na CMYK
- Byakoreshejwe kuri Delta-E ibara ritandukanye kubara
CIE L * u * v * Umwanya wamabara
CIE L * u * v * yatejwe imbere hamwe na L * a * b * nkibindi bisobanuro byerekana umwanya umwe. Ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane mubisabwa birimo ibara ryongewe kuvanga no kwerekana, mugihe L * a * b * ikunda guhitamo sisitemu yo gukuramo amabara nko gucapa.
Kimwe na Lab, L * u * v * ikoresha L * kumucyo, mugihe u * na v * ari chromaticity coordinateur. Umwanya wamabara ukoreshwa muburyo bwa tereviziyo ya tereviziyo no kubara ibara ryerekana ibara ryerekana tekinoroji.
Itandukaniro rimwe ryingenzi hagati ya L * a * b * na L * u * v * nuko L * u * v * yashizweho kugirango ikore neza amabara asohora no kumurika. Harimo ubushobozi bwo guhagararira amabara mubijyanye na chromaticity coordinate ishobora guhuzwa byoroshye nigishushanyo cya chromaticity gikoreshwa mumabara no gushushanya.
- Bikwiranye neza ninyongera yamabara
- Ikoreshwa muri tereviziyo no gutangaza amakuru
- Itanga ibara rimwe ritandukanye
- Ibyiza byamabara asohora no gushushanya
- Harimo ikarita yubushyuhe ifitanye isano
HSL, HSV, na Ibara ryamabara
Guhagararira amabara
Mugihe RGB na CMYK basobanura amabara muburyo bwo kuvanga ibara ryibanze, HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) na HSV / HSB (Hue, Saturation, Agaciro / Brightness) byerekana amabara muburyo bwimbitse kuburyo abantu batekereza ibara.
Iyi myanya itandukanya ibara ryibara (hue) nuburemere bwibiranga (kwiyuzuzamo nubucyo / umucyo), bigatuma bigira akamaro cyane muguhitamo amabara, igishushanyo cya UI, hamwe nubuhanzi bukoreshwa aho guhinduranya amabara ari ngombwa.
Inyungu nyamukuru ya HSL na HSV nuko bahuza cyane nuburyo abantu basanzwe batekereza kandi bagasobanura amabara. Iyo umuntu ashaka gukora “ubururu bwijimye” cyangwa “umutuku ufite imbaraga,” aba atekereza kubijyanye na hue, kwiyuzuzamo, no kumurika – ntabwo akurikije indangagaciro za RGB. Niyo mpamvu abatoranya amabara muri software ishushanya akenshi berekana amashusho ya RGB hamwe na HSL / HSV.
Umwanya w’amabara ya HSL
HSL igereranya amabara muri sisitemu yo guhuza silindrike, hamwe na Hue nk’inguni (0-360 °) igereranya ubwoko bw’amabara, Kwiyuzuza (0-100%) byerekana ubukana bw’amabara, n’umucyo (0-100%) bisobanura uko ibara ryijimye cyangwa ryijimye.
HSL ni ingirakamaro cyane mubikorwa byo gushushanya kuko ibipimo byayo ikarita yerekana uburyo dusobanura amabara. Irakoreshwa cyane mugutezimbere urubuga binyuze muri CSS, aho amabara ashobora gutomorwa ukoresheje imikorere ya hsl (). Ibi bituma gukora ibara ryamabara no guhindura amabara kubintu bitandukanye byerekana (kugendagenda, gukora, nibindi) cyane cyane.
- Hue: Ibara shingiro (umutuku, umuhondo, icyatsi, nibindi)
- Kwiyuzuzamo: Imbaraga zamabara kuva imvi (0%) kugeza ibara ryiza (100%)
- Umucyo: Umucyo kuva umukara (0%) ukoresheje ibara ryera (100%)
- Bisanzwe mubishushanyo mbonera byurubuga na CSS ibara ryihariye
- Umucyo ntarengwa (100%) burigihe utanga umweru utitaye kuri hue
- Icyitegererezo cyerekana urumuri rwagati (50%) kumabara meza
Umwanya w’amabara HSV / HSB
HSV (nanone yitwa HSB) isa na HSL ariko ikoresha Agaciro / Umucyo aho gukoresha Umucyo. Muri HSV, umucyo mwinshi (100%) utanga ibara ryuzuye utitaye ku kwiyuzuzamo, mugihe muri HSL, urumuri rwinshi rutanga umweru.
Moderi ya HSV ikunze gukundwa muburyo bwo gutoranya amabara kuko ishushanya cyane kuburyo abahanzi bavanga amabara n irangi – guhera kumukara (nta mucyo / agaciro) no kongeramo pigment kugirango bakore amabara yo kongera umucyo. Nibyiza cyane kurema igicucu nijwi ryamabara mugihe ukomeje kugaragara.
- Hue: Ibara shingiro (umutuku, umuhondo, icyatsi, nibindi)
- Kwiyuzuzamo: Imbaraga zamabara kuva cyera / imvi (0%) kugeza ibara ryiza (100%)
- Agaciro / Umucyo: Ubukomezi kuva umukara (0%) kugeza ibara ryuzuye (100%)
- Bikunze gukoreshwa mubishushanyo mbonera bya software
- Agaciro ntarengwa (100%) gatanga ibara ryuzuye cyane
- Birenzeho kurema igicucu nijwi
Sisitemu y’amabara ya Munsell
Sisitemu ya Munsell ni amateka yerekana amateka yumwanya ategura amabara muburyo butatu: hue, agaciro (urumuri), na chroma (ibara ryera). Byaremewe gutanga uburyo butunganijwe bwo gusobanura amabara ashingiye kumyumvire yabantu.
Yakozwe mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20 na Porofeseri Albert H. Munsell, iyi sisitemu yari impinduramatwara kuko yari imwe mu zambere zateguye amabara ashingiye ku guhuza imyumvire aho kuba ibintu bifatika. Bitandukanye n’ibibanza bigezweho bya digitale, byari sisitemu yumubiri ikoresheje amabara asize irangi yatunganijwe mumwanya-itatu.
- Iteganya ibara ryibara rya digitale ariko iracyakoreshwa mubice bimwe
- Uruhare mugutezimbere ibitekerezo bigezweho
- Biracyakoreshwa mubyiciro byubutaka, uburezi bwubuhanzi, no gusesengura amabara
- Ukurikije intera igaragara aho kuba imibare
- Gutegura amabara mubiti bisa nuburyo bifite hue biva kumurongo wo hagati
Umwanya w’amabara ya HCL
HCL (Hue, Chroma, Luminance) ni umwanya wamabara asanzwe ahuza imiterere ihuza imiterere ya HSL hamwe nubushishozi bwa Laboratoire. Nibyiza cyane cyane kurema amabara palettes na gradients bigaragara ko bihuye muburyo bugaragara bwumucyo no kwiyuzuzamo.
Nubwo bidashyizwe mubikorwa cyane muri software nka HSL cyangwa HSV, HCL (nanone yitwa LCh mugihe ibipimo byateganijwe ukundi) iragenda ikundwa cyane no kubona amashusho no gushushanya amakuru kuko ikora umunzani wamabara. Ibi nibyingenzi byingenzi muburyo bwo kubona amakuru aho ibara rikoreshwa muguhagararira indangagaciro.
- Muburyo bumwe butandukanye na HSL / HSV
- Nibyiza byo gukora umunzani uhoraho
- Ukurikije ibara ryibara rya Lab ariko hamwe na polarite
- Kwiyongera gukoreshwa muburyo bwo kubona amakuru no gushushanya amakuru
- Kurema byinshi byuzuzanya kandi byuzuye
YCbCr na Video Ibara
Gutandukanya Luminance-Chrominance
Sisitemu yo gufata amashusho n’amashusho akenshi ikoresha umwanya wamabara atandukanya luminance (umucyo) namakuru ya chrominance (ibara). Ubu buryo bwifashisha sisitemu yumuntu yumuntu yunvikana cyane kumurika kuruta amabara atandukanye.
Mugushyiramo luminance kumurongo urenze ibice bya chrominance, iyi myanya ituma amakuru agabanuka mugihe gikomeza ubuziranenge bwibishusho. Uru nirwo rufatiro rwimibare myinshi ya videwo na tekinoroji yo guhunika.
Sisitemu y’amashusho yumuntu irumva cyane impinduka zumucyo kuruta guhinduka mumabara. Uku kuri biologiya gukoreshwa mugusenyera amashusho mugutanga umurongo mugari kumakuru yamakuru kuruta kurangi. Ubu buryo, bwitwa chroma subampling, burashobora kugabanya ingano ya dosiye 50% cyangwa irenga mugihe ukomeje ubuziranenge bwibonekeje busa nkaho buturuka ku isoko idacometse.
YCbCr Ibara
YCbCr nu mwanya wamabara asanzwe akoreshwa muri videwo ya digitale no kwikuramo amashusho. Y yerekana urumuri, mugihe Cb na Cr nubururu-butandukanye nubutuku-butandukanye bwa chrominance. Uyu mwanya ufitanye isano rya hafi na YUV ariko uhujwe na sisitemu ya sisitemu.
Amashusho ya JPEG, videwo ya MPEG, hamwe nuburyo bwa videwo ya digitale ikoresha kodegisi ya YCbCr. Imyitozo isanzwe ya “chroma subampling” (kugabanya imiterere ya Cb na Cr imiyoboro) murubwo buryo birashoboka kubera gutandukana kwa luminance-chrominance.
Chroma subampling isanzwe igaragazwa nkikigereranyo cyimibare itatu, nka 4: 2: 0 cyangwa 4: 2: 2. Muri 4: 2: 0 subampling (isanzwe muri videwo yerekana), kuri buri cyitegererezo cya luminance, hariho ibyitegererezo bibiri bya chrominance gusa mu buryo butambitse kandi nta na kimwe gihagaritse. Ibi bigabanya ibara ryibara kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane cyumucyo wa luminance, bikagabanya cyane ingano ya dosiye mugihe ukomeje ubuziranenge bugaragara.
- Byakoreshejwe muburyo bwa mashusho yose ya sisitemu
- Urufatiro rwo guhagarika amashusho ya JPEG
- Gushoboza chroma ikora neza (4: 2: 0, 4: 2: 2, 4: 4: 4)
- Impinduka zitandukanye zirahari kubipimo bitandukanye bya videwo
- Yakoreshejwe muri H.264, H.265, VP9, na AV1 codecs
YUV Ibara
YUV yakozwe kuri sisitemu ya tereviziyo igereranya kugirango itange guhuza inyuma hagati yamabara na black-na-byera. Kimwe na YCbCr, itandukanya luminance (Y) nibice bya chrominance (U na V).
Mugihe YUV ikoreshwa kenshi kugirango yerekane imiterere iyo ari yo yose ya luminance-chrominance, YUV yukuri yihariye ibipimo bya tereviziyo. Sisitemu ya kijyambere igezweho ikoresha YCbCr, nubwo amagambo akunze kwitiranya cyangwa gukoreshwa muburyo bumwe.
Iterambere ryambere rya YUV nigikorwa cyubuhanga cyagezweho cyakemuye ikibazo cyo gutangaza ibimenyetso byamabara ya TV mugihe gikomeza guhuza na tereviziyo yumukara-n-umweru. Mugushiraho amakuru yamabara muburyo televiziyo yumukara-na-yera yirengagiza, injeniyeri bakoze sisitemu aho ikiganiro kimwe gishobora kurebwa kumoko yombi.
- Akamaro k’amateka mugutezimbere kuri tereviziyo
- Akenshi ikoreshwa nabi nkijambo rusange kuri YCbCr
- Impinduka zitandukanye zirahari kubigereranyo bitandukanye bya TV
- Sisitemu ya PAL, NTSC, na SECAM yakoresheje YUV itandukanye
- Gushoboza gusubira inyuma hamwe na tereviziyo yumukara-na-yera
Rec.709 na Video ya HD
Rec.709 (Icyifuzo cya ITU-R BT.709) isobanura umwanya wamabara hamwe na kodegisi ya tereviziyo isobanura cyane. Irerekana primaire ya RGB hamwe na YCbCr kodegisi yibirimo HD, hamwe na gamut isa na sRGB.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekana ubudahangarwa mu gukora amashusho ya HD no kwerekana mu bikoresho bitandukanye na sisitemu yo gutangaza. Harimo ibisobanuro byamabara yibanze, kwimura imikorere (gamma), hamwe na matrix coefficient ya RGB kuri YCbCr ihinduka.
Rec.709 yashinzwe mu myaka ya za 90 nkibipimo bya HDTV, ntigaragaza gusa umwanya wamabara ahubwo inerekana ibipimo byerekana, imiterere, nibipimo. Imikino yayo ya gamma itandukanye gato na sRGB, nubwo basangiye ibara ryibanze. Mugihe Rec.709 yari impinduramatwara mugihe cyayo, ibipimo bishya nka format ya Rec.2020 na HDR bitanga umukino mugari wamabara yagutse kandi urwego rugaragara.
- Umwanya usanzwe wamabara kuri tereviziyo ya HD
- Imikino isa na sRGB ariko hamwe na kodegisi zitandukanye
- Ikoreshwa muri disiki ya Blu-ray hamwe na HD yerekana
- Irasobanura imikorere yihariye itari iyimurwa (gamma)
- Kwuzuzwa nubuziranenge bwa HDR nka PQ na HLG
Video yo hejuru cyane
Video ya Dynamic Range (HDR) yagura ibara ryamabara hamwe nubunini bwa videwo gakondo. Ibipimo nka HDR10, Dolby Vision, na HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) bisobanura uburyo iyi ntera yagutse kandi ikerekanwa.
Video ya HDR mubisanzwe ikoresha imirimo yo kwimura (EOTF) nka PQ (Perceptual Quantizer, isanzwe nka SMPTE ST 2084) ishobora kwerekana urwego runini rwurumuri kuruta imipira gakondo. Uhujije hamwe namabara yagutse nka P3 cyangwa Rec.2020, ibi birema ibintu byukuri kandi bifatika byo kureba.
Itandukaniro riri hagati ya SDR na HDR riratangaje – HDR irashobora kugereranya ibintu byose kuva igicucu cyimbitse kugeza kumurika kumurongo umwe, bisa nuburyo ijisho ryumuntu ribona ibintu bifatika. Ibi bivanaho gukenera kumvikana mubyerekanwe hamwe ningaruka zingirakamaro zabaye nkenerwa mumateka ya firime na videwo.
- Kwagura ibara ryombi hamwe nurumuri
- Koresha ibikorwa bishya byo kwimura nka PQ na HLG
- HDR10 itanga ibara-bit 10 hamwe na static metadata
- Dolby Vision itanga ibara rya 12-bit hamwe na metadata
- HLG yagenewe guhuza amakuru
Kugereranya Ibara risanzwe
Umwanya w’amabara Urebye
Iri gereranya ryerekana ibintu byingenzi biranga kandi ukoreshe imanza kumwanya wamabara asanzwe. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro nibyingenzi muguhitamo ibara ryibara ryukuri kubyo ukeneye byihariye.
Kugereranya Ibara rya RGB
- sRGB: Guto ntoya, isanzwe kurubuga, guhuza isi yose
- Adobe RGB: Imikino yagutse, nziza yo gucapa, cyane cyane mu cyatsi-cyan
- Erekana P3: Umutuku n’icyatsi byongerewe imbaraga, bikoreshwa nibikoresho bya Apple
- ProPhoto RGB: Umukino mugari cyane, bisaba ubujyakuzimu bwa 16-bito, byiza byo gufotora
- Rec.2020: Ultra-rugari ya gamut ya 4K / 8K ya videwo, yibanze-ejo hazaza
Ibara Umwanya Ibiranga
- CMYK: Gukuramo, gucapa-kwerekeza, gamut ntoya kuruta RGB
- Laboratoire: Ibikoresho-byigenga, muburyo bumwe, gamut nini
- HSL / HSV: Guhitamo ibara ryimbitse, ntabwo ari kimwe
- YCbCr: Itandukanya luminance nibara, ikozwe neza kugirango ihagarike
- XYZ: Umwanya werekana siyanse yubumenyi, ntabwo ikoreshwa kumashusho
Koresha Ibyifuzo
- Urubuga n’ibirimo: sRGB cyangwa Erekana P3 (hamwe na sRGB yagarutse)
- Amafoto Yumwuga: Adobe RGB cyangwa ProPhoto RGB muri 16-bit
- Ibicuruzwa byacapwe: Adobe RGB kumwanya wakazi, umwirondoro wa CMYK kugirango usohoke
- Gukora amashusho: Rec.709 kuri HD, Rec.2020 kuri UHD / HDR
- Ubuhanzi bwa Digital hamwe nigishushanyo: Adobe RGB cyangwa Kwerekana P3
- Gukosora amabara: Laboratwari kubikoresho byigenga byahinduwe
- Igishushanyo cya UI / UX: HSL / HSV yo gutoranya amabara
- Guhagarika amashusho: YCbCr hamwe na chroma ikwiye
Imicungire yamabara yumwanya
Sisitemu yo gucunga amabara
Sisitemu yo gucunga amabara (CMS) yemeza ko ibara ryororoka rihoraho mubikoresho bitandukanye ukoresheje imyirondoro yibikoresho hamwe no guhindura amabara. Nibyingenzi mubikorwa byumwuga mugufotora, gushushanya, no gucapa.
Urufatiro rwo gucunga amabara agezweho ni sisitemu yumwirondoro wa ICC (International Color Consortium). Iyi myirondoro isobanura ibara ryibiranga ibikoresho byihariye cyangwa umwanya wamabara, bigatuma habaho ubusobanuro nyabwo hagati yabo. Hatabayeho gucunga neza amabara, indangagaciro zimwe za RGB zirashobora kugaragara kuburyo butandukanye mubikoresho bitandukanye.
- Ukurikije imyirondoro ya ICC iranga imyitwarire yibara ryibikoresho
- Koresha ibikoresho-byigenga imyirondoro (nka Lab) nkumwanya wo guhana
- Gukora amakarita ya gamut kumwanya utandukanye
- Itanga kwerekana intego zintego zitandukanye zo guhinduka
- Shyigikira byombi ibikoresho bihuza hamwe nintambwe nyinshi
Erekana Calibibasi
Gukurikirana kalibrasi ni ishingiro ryimicungire yamabara, kwemeza ko kwerekana neza byerekana amabara. Hatabayeho kugenzura, izindi mbaraga zose zo gucunga amabara zishobora guteshwa agaciro.
Calibration ikubiyemo guhindura igenamiterere rya monitor yawe no gukora umwirondoro wa ICC ikosora gutandukana kwimyitwarire isanzwe yamabara. Ubu buryo busanzwe busaba ibyuma bisiga ibara cyangwa ibipimo byerekana ibisubizo nyabyo, nubwo gahunda yibanze ya kalibrasi iruta iyindi yose.
- Ibikoresho byo guhitamo ibyuma bitanga ibisubizo nyabyo
- Guhindura ingingo yera, gamma, nibisubizo byamabara
- Kora umwirondoro wa ICC sisitemu yo gucunga amabara ikoresha
- Bikwiye gukorwa buri gihe nkuko kwerekana bihinduka mugihe
- Imyuga yabigize umwuga akenshi ifite ibikoresho byo guhitamo ibikoresho
Gukorana na Kamera Ibara
Kamera ya digitale ifata amashusho mumwanya wabo wamabara, hanyuma igahinduka mumwanya usanzwe nka sRGB cyangwa Adobe RGB. Gusobanukirwa iyi nzira ningirakamaro kubikorwa byo gufotora neza.
Buri kamera ifite sensor idasanzwe hamwe nibiranga ibara ryayo. Abakora kamera bategura algorithms yihariye kugirango batunganyirize amakuru ya sensor mbisi mumwanya usanzwe wamabara. Iyo urasa muburyo bwa RAW, ufite igenzura ryinshi kuriyi nzira yo guhindura, ukemerera gucunga neza amabara.
- Idosiye ya RAW ikubiyemo amakuru yose yamabara yafashwe na sensor
- Idosiye ya JPEG ihindurwa kuri sRGB cyangwa Adobe RGB muri kamera
- Umwirondoro wa kamera urashobora kuranga kamera yihariye ibisubizo
- Umwanya mugari wa gamut ukorera ubika amakuru ya kamera cyane
- Ishusho ya DNG Ibara (DCP) itanga amakuru yukuri ya kamera
Urubuga-Umutekano Ibitekerezo
Mugihe urubuga rwa kijyambere rushyigikira gucunga amabara, ibyerekanwa byinshi nibikoresho ntabwo. Gukora urubuga rusa neza mubikoresho byose bisaba kumva izo mbogamizi.
Urubuga rugenda rugana ku micungire myiza yamabara, hamwe na CSS Ibara Module Urwego rwa 4 wongeyeho inkunga kumwanya wibara. Ariko, kugirango bihuze byinshi, biracyakenewe gusuzuma imipaka ya sRGB no gutanga ibisubizo bikwiye kubirimo-gamut.
- sRGB ikomeje guhitamo umutekano kugirango uhuze isi yose
- Shira umwirondoro wamabara mumashusho ya mushakisha ayashyigikira
- CSS Ibara Module Urwego 4 rwongeramo ibara umwanya wihariye
- Gutezimbere gutera imbere mugari-gamut yerekana birashoboka
- Tekereza gukoresha ibibazo bya @media kugirango umenye umukino-mugari
Shira ahabona umusaruro
Umwuga wo gucapura wumwuga bisaba gucunga neza umwanya wibibanza kuva gufata kugeza ibisohoka byanyuma. Inzibacyuho kuva RGB yerekeza kuri CMYK nintambwe ikomeye igomba gukemurwa neza.
Icapiro ryubucuruzi rikoresha ibara risanzwe rya CMYK rishingiye kumiterere yihariye yo gucapa. Ibipimo ngenderwaho byemeza ibisubizo bihoraho mubitanga ibyapa bitandukanye. Abashushanya bakeneye gusobanukirwa numwanya wamabara ya CMYK printer yabo ikoresha kandi ikinjiza ubwo bumenyi mubikorwa byabo.
- Icyemezo cyoroheje kigereranya ibyasohotse kuri ecran
- Imyirondoro ya printer iranga igikoresho cyihariye nimpapuro
- Gutanga intego bigena uburyo bwo gushushanya amakarita
- Indishyi z’umukara zibika igicucu kirambuye
- Icapa ryerekana kwemeza ibara neza mbere yumusaruro wanyuma
Amashusho Yamabara
Gukora amashusho bikubiyemo ibara ryibara ryoroshye, cyane hamwe no kuzamuka kwa HDR nuburyo bugari bwa gamut. Gusobanukirwa umuyoboro wuzuye kuva gufata kugeza kubitanga ni ngombwa.
Amashusho agezweho ya kijyambere akoresha sisitemu ya Encoding ya Academy (ACES) nkurwego rusanzwe rwo gucunga amabara. ACES itanga umwanya rusange wakazi kumashusho yose utitaye kuri kamera yakoreshejwe, koroshya inzira yo guhuza amafuti aturuka ahantu hatandukanye no gutegura ibiri muburyo bwo gutanga ibintu byinshi.
- Imiterere ya logi ibika intera ntarengwa ya kamera
- Umwanya ukoreramo nka ACES utanga amabara asanzwe
- Ibipimo bya HDR birimo ibikorwa byo kohereza PQ na HLG
- Imiterere yo gutanga irashobora gusaba amabara menshi yumwanya
- LUTs (Reba-Imbonerahamwe) ifasha muburyo bwo guhindura amabara
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa Kubijyanye Ibara
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yicyitegererezo cyamabara nu mwanya wamabara?
Ibara ryamabara nuburyo bufatika bwo kwerekana amabara ukoresheje imibare (nka RGB cyangwa CMYK), mugihe umwanya wamabara nigikorwa cyihariye cyo gushyira mubikorwa ibara ryerekana ibipimo bisobanuwe. Kurugero, RGB nicyitegererezo cyamabara, mugihe sRGB na Adobe RGB nibibanza byihariye byamabara ashingiye kuri moderi ya RGB, buri kimwe gifite gamut zitandukanye nibiranga. Tekereza icyitegererezo cyamabara nka sisitemu rusange (nko gusobanura ahantu ukoresheje uburinganire / uburebure) n’umwanya w’amabara nk’ikarita yihariye ya sisitemu (nk’ikarita irambuye y’akarere runaka ifite umurongo uhuza).
Kuki ibyasohotse byasohotse bisa nibyo mbona kuri ecran?
Impamvu nyinshi zitera itandukaniro: abagenzuzi bakoresha ibara rya RGB (inyongera) mugihe printer ikoresha ibara rya CMYK (subtractive); Kugaragaza mubisanzwe bifite gamut yagutse kuruta ibyasohotse; ecran itanga urumuri mugihe ibyapa byerekana; kandi hatabayeho gucunga neza amabara, nta busobanuro buri hagati yibi bibara bitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bwimpapuro bugira ingaruka cyane kuburyo amabara agaragara mu icapiro, hamwe nimpapuro zidafunze ubusanzwe zitanga amabara make yuzuye kuruta impapuro zirabagirana. Guhindura monitor yawe no gukoresha imyirondoro ya ICC kuri printer yawe yihariye hamwe nimpapuro zishobora kugabanya cyane itandukaniro, nubwo hari itandukaniro rizahoraho kubera itandukaniro ryibanze ryumubiri hagati yerekana urumuri rwerekana nibicapo byerekana urumuri.
Nakagombye gukoresha sRGB, Adobe RGB, cyangwa ProPhoto RGB yo gufotora?
Biterwa nakazi kawe nibisohoka. sRGB nibyiza kumashusho agenewe kurubuga cyangwa kureba muri rusange kuri ecran. Adobe RGB ninziza kubikorwa byo gucapa, itanga umukino mugari uhuye neza nubushobozi bwo gucapa. ProPhoto RGB nibyiza kubikorwa byumwuga aho amakuru menshi yo kubika amakuru ari ngombwa, cyane cyane iyo ukorana na dosiye ya RAW muburyo bwa 16-bit. Abafotozi benshi bakoresha uburyo bwa Hybrid: gutunganya muri ProPhoto RGB cyangwa Adobe RGB, hanyuma bagahindura sRGB kugirango basangire urubuga. Niba urasa muburyo bwa JPEG muri-kamera, Adobe RGB muri rusange ni amahitamo meza kuruta sRGB niba kamera yawe iyishyigikiye, kuko ibika amakuru menshi yamabara kugirango ahindurwe nyuma. Ariko, niba urasa RAW (bisabwa kubwiza buhebuje), igenamiterere ryibara rya kamera bigira ingaruka gusa kubireba JPEG ntabwo ari amakuru nyayo ya RAW.
Bigenda bite iyo amabara ari hanze yumukino wamabara?
Iyo uhinduye hagati yamabara, amabara agwa hanze yumwanya wa gamut agomba kugarukwaho hakoreshejwe inzira yitwa mapping mapping. Ibi bigenzurwa no gutanga intego: Guhindura byerekana kurinda umubano ugaragara hagati yamabara muguhuza gamut yose; Isano ya Colorimetricike ikomeza amabara ari mumikino yombi na clips hanze-ya-gamut ibara ryororoka ryegereye cyane; Ibara ryuzuye risa ariko nanone rihindura impapuro zera; Kwiyuzuza bishyira imbere kubungabunga amabara meza kuruta ukuri. Guhitamo gutanga intego biterwa nibirimo nibyo ushyira imbere. Ku mafoto, Ubushishozi akenshi butanga ibisubizo-bisanzwe-ibisubizo. Kubishushanyo bifite amabara yihariye, Relative Colorimetric isanzwe ikora neza kugirango ibungabunge amabara nyayo aho bishoboka. Sisitemu igezweho yo gucunga amabara irashobora kukwereka amabara adafite gamut mbere yo guhinduka, bikwemerera kugira ibyo uhindura kumabara akomeye.
Ni kangahe gukurikirana kalibrasi yo gucunga amabara?
Gukurikirana kalibrasi ni ishingiro rya sisitemu iyo ari yo yose yo gucunga amabara. Hatariho kalibrasi yerekana, ufata ibyemezo byo guhindura ukurikije amakuru yamabara adahwitse. Calibration ihindura monitor yawe kuri leta izwi, isanzwe mugushiraho ingingo yera (mubisanzwe D65 / 6500K), gamma (mubisanzwe 2.2), nubucyo (akenshi 80-120 cd / m²), kandi ikora umwirondoro wa ICC porogaramu ikoreshwa namabara ikoresha kugirango yerekane amabara neza. Kubikorwa byumwuga, igikoresho cyo guhitamo ibyuma ni ngombwa kandi gusubiramo bigomba gukorwa buri kwezi. Ndetse n’abaguzi-urwego rwamabara arashobora kunoza kuburyo bugaragara ibara ugereranije niyerekanwa ridahuje. Kurenga kalibrasi, aho ukorera nabyo bifite akamaro-urukuta rutagira aho rubogamiye, urumuri rugenzurwa, no kwirinda urumuri rutaziguye kuri ecran byose bigira uruhare muburyo bwo kumenya neza amabara. Kubikorwa byamabara akomeye, tekereza gushora imari murwego rwumwuga hamwe na gamut yagutse, ubushobozi bwa Calibibasique, hamwe na hood kugirango uhagarike urumuri rwibidukikije.
Ni uwuhe mwanya w’amabara nkwiye gukoresha mugushushanya kurubuga no kwiteza imbere?
sRGB ikomeza kuba ibisanzwe kurubuga kuko itanga uburambe buhoraho mubikoresho bitandukanye na mushakisha. Mugihe mushakisha zigezweho zigenda zishyigikira gucunga amabara hamwe nimikino yagutse, ibikoresho byinshi na mushakisha ntibikora. Kubikorwa bireba imbere, urashobora gushyira mubikorwa iterambere ryiterambere ukoresheje sRGB nkibanze mugihe utanga umutungo-mugari (ukoresheje CSS Ibara rya Module Urwego rwa 4 ibiranga cyangwa amashusho yashushanyije) kubikoresho bibashyigikira. Urwego CSS Ibara Module Urwego rwa 4 rutangiza inkunga yo kwerekana-p3, prophoto-rgb, hamwe n’ibindi bibara byamabara binyuze mumikorere nk’ibara (kwerekana-p3 1 0.5 0), bituma abashushanya urubuga bagerageza kwerekana-umukino-mugari utitaye ku guhuza. Kugirango uhuze cyane na mushakisha zishaje, komeza verisiyo ya sRGB yumutungo wose kandi ukoreshe ibimenyetso byerekana kugirango ukore ibintu byinshi-gamut gusa kubikoresho bihuye. Buri gihe gerageza ibishushanyo byawe mubikoresho byinshi na mushakisha kugirango wemeze kugaragara kubakoresha bose.
Nigute umwanya wamabara ugira ingaruka kumashusho nubunini bwa dosiye?
Umwanya wamabara uhindura cyane ishusho yogusenya nubunini bwa dosiye. Guhindura kuva muri RGB ukajya kuri YCbCr (muri compression ya JPEG) itanga chroma subampling, igabanya ubunini bwa dosiye mukubika amakuru yamabara kumurongo muke kuruta amakuru yumucyo, ugakoresha amaso yumuntu yunvikana kumurabyo. Umwanya mugari wa gamut nka ProPhoto RGB bisaba uburebure bwimbitse (16-bit na 8-bit) kugirango wirinde guhambira, bivamo dosiye nini. Iyo uzigama muburyo nka PNG budakoresha chroma subampling, umwanya wamabara ubwayo ntabwo bigira ingaruka cyane mubunini bwa dosiye, ariko uburebure bwimbitse burabikora. Idosiye ya JPEG yabitswe muri Adobe RGB cyangwa ProPhoto RGB ntabwo isanzwe ikoresha ububiko burenze verisiyo ya sRGB mugihe kimwe, ariko igomba gushyiramo umwirondoro wamabara yashyizwemo kugirango yerekanwe neza, wongeyeho gato mubunini bwa dosiye. Kugirango ugabanye gukora neza muburyo bwo gutanga, uhindure 8-bit sRGB cyangwa YCbCr hamwe na subampling ikwiye mubisanzwe itanga impagarike nziza yubunini bwa dosiye nubuziranenge bugaragara.
Ni irihe sano riri hagati yimyanya yamabara nuburebure bwimbitse?
Ubujyakuzimu buto n’umwanya w’amabara nibisobanuro bifitanye isano nubwiza bwibishusho. Ubujyakuzimu bwa biti bivuga umubare wa bits zikoreshwa muguhagararira buri muyoboro wamabara, ukagena umubare wamabara atandukanye ashobora kugaragazwa. Mugihe umwanya wamabara usobanura urutonde rwamabara (gamut), ubujyakuzimu bwa bito bugena uburyo urwo rwego rugabanijwe neza. Umwanya mugari wibara rya gamut nka ProPhoto RGB mubisanzwe bisaba uburebure bwimbitse kugirango wirinde guhambira no kumanikwa. Ibi ni ukubera ko umubare umwe wagaciro utandukanye ugomba kurambura urwego runini rwamabara, ugakora “intambwe” nini hagati yamabara yegeranye. Kurugero, 8-bit kodegisi itanga urwego 256 kumurongo, mubisanzwe birahagije kuri sRGB ariko ntibihagije kuri ProPhoto RGB. Niyo mpamvu akazi k’umwuga gakunze gukoresha 16-bit kuri buri muyoboro (urwego 65,536) mugihe ukorera ahantu hanini-gamut. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, ibirimo HDR bisaba uburebure bwimbitse (10-bit cyangwa 12-bit) kugirango bigaragaze neza urumuri rwagutse. Ihuriro ryibara ryibara hamwe nuburebure bwimbitse hamwe bigena umubare rusange wamabara atandukanye ashobora kugaragarira mubishusho.
Imicungire yamabara meza mumishinga yawe
Waba umufotozi, uwashushanyije, cyangwa uwatezimbere, gusobanukirwa umwanya wamabara nibyingenzi mugukora umurimo-mwiza wumwuga. Koresha ibi bitekerezo kugirango umenye amabara yawe asa neza mubitangazamakuru byose.