Ultimate Gusubira-Kwishuri Idosiye Imiterere Yabanyeshuri nabarimu
Umwigisha w’ingenzi inyandiko, kwerekana, ishusho, hamwe nibitangazamakuru kugirango batsinde amasomo. Ikintu cyose ukeneye kumenya kubijyanye no guhuza dosiye, guhinduka, hamwe nibikorwa byiza byumwaka mushya w’amashuri.
Impamvu Imiterere ya File ifite akamaro kubanyeshuri nabarezi
Gusobanukirwa imiterere ya dosiye ningirakamaro kugirango umuntu atsinde amasomo muri iki gihe cyimyigire yimyigire. Kuva mugutanga umukoro no gushiraho ibiganiro kugeza gusangira ubushakashatsi no gukorana nabagenzi, ibibazo byo guhuza dosiye birashobora gutera imihangayiko idakenewe no gutakaza umusaruro mugihe cyumwaka w’amashuri uhuze.
Aka gatabo karambuye kazafasha abanyeshuri, abarimu, nababyeyi kugendana nisi igoye yimiterere ya dosiye ya digitale, igahuza neza ibikoresho, urubuga, hamwe nibisabwa mumwaka w’amashuri.
Ibyangombwa byingenzi byingirakamaro kugirango batsinde amasomo
Imiterere y’Ijambo rya Microsoft (DOCX, DOC)
Imiterere ya Microsoft Ijambo ni igipimo cyimpapuro zamasomo, inyandiko, na raporo. Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati ya DOC ishaje nuburyo bwa DOCX bugezweho nibyingenzi kugirango bihuze.
- DOCX: Imiterere ya XML igezweho (nyuma ya 2007) hamwe nibintu byongerewe imbaraga, ingano ya dosiye ntoya, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo kugarura
- DOC: Imiterere yumurage ijyanye na verisiyo ishaje ariko ifite ibintu bike nubunini bwa dosiye nini
- Imiterere myinshi ijyanye ninshingano zisaba impinduka zikurikirana, ibitekerezo, hamwe no kubika imiterere
PDF (Imiterere yinyandiko igendanwa)
Imiterere ya PDF ituma inyandiko zawe zisa nkutitaye kubikoresho, sisitemu y’imikorere, cyangwa software, bigatuma biba byiza kubyoherejwe bwa nyuma hamwe ninyandiko zemewe.
- Guhuza isi yose mubikoresho byose hamwe na platform
- Kubika imiterere nyayo, imyandikire, nimiterere utitaye kubareba
- Gushyigikira umukono wa digitale hamwe numutekano winyandiko kumpapuro zemewe
Google Docs & Office 365 Imiterere yibicu
Igicu gishingiye ku bicu bitanga imiterere-nyayo yubufatanye irakenewe mubikorwa byamatsinda hamwe no kwigira kure.
- Ubufatanye nyabwo nabanyeshuri bigana nabarimu
- Kuzigama byikora n’amateka ya verisiyo yo kugarura imirimo yabanjirije
- Birashoboka kubikoresho byose bifite umurongo wa enterineti
Imiterere yinyandiko isanzwe (TXT, RTF, Markdown)
Imiterere yoroshye yinyandiko itanga ubwuzuzanye ntarengwa kubisobanuro byibanze nibirimo bitarinze guhinduka.
- TXT: Ihuriro rusange hamwe nubunini bwa dosiye ntoya, nibyiza kubisobanuro na kode
- RTF: Imiterere yinyandiko ikungahaye ishyigikira imiterere yibanze mugukomeza guhuza byinshi
- Ikimenyetso: Azwi cyane kubijyanye no gufata inyandiko hamwe na progaramu ya progaramu
Urupapuro rwerekana urupapuro (XLSX, XLS, CSV)
Imiterere yingenzi yo gusesengura amakuru, kubara, no gutegura amakuru kumishinga yubushakashatsi na raporo ya laboratoire.
- XLSX: Imiterere ya Excel igezweho hamwe nibintu byateye imbere hamwe no gukusanya amakuru neza
- XLS: Umurage Excel umurage wo guhuza na sisitemu ishaje
- CSV: Imiterere rusange ya koma yatandukanijwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo guhanahana amakuru hagati ya porogaramu
Fungura inyandiko zerekana (ODT, ODS, ODP)
Gufungura-isoko yuburyo butandukanye kumiterere yihariye itanga igihe kirekire kandi igahuzwa murwego rwibiro bitandukanye.
- ODT: Fungura inyandiko yinyandiko ishyigikiwe na LibreOffice, OpenOffice, hamwe nibikorwa byinshi bigezweho
- ODS: Fungura urupapuro rwerekana urupapuro rwamakuru
- ODP: Fungura Inyandiko Yerekana Kumashusho no kwerekana
Imiterere yo kwerekana imishinga itangaje
Imiterere ya PowerPoint (PPTX, PPT)
Microsoft PowerPoint ikomeje kuba igipimo cyizahabu cyo kwerekana amasomo, hamwe nibintu bigezweho muri PPTX hamwe no guhuza umurage muri PPT.
- PPTX: Imiterere ya XML igezweho hamwe na animasiyo yongerewe imbaraga, inzibacyuho, hamwe ninkunga ya multimediya
- PPT: Imiterere yumurage kugirango ihuze na verisiyo ishaje ya PowerPoint
- Uburyo bwiza bwo kwerekana ibyifuzo bisaba animasiyo yambere hamwe nibitangazamakuru byashyizwemo
Igice cya Google
Igicu gishingiye ku kwerekana icyerekezo cyiza kubikorwa bifatanyabikorwa kandi bigerwaho mubikoresho byose bifite interineti.
- Ibihe nyabyo byubufatanye kubitsinda ryerekana
- Kubika ibicu byikora hamwe namateka ya verisiyo
- Bihujwe na PowerPoint itumiza / kohereza hanze kugirango ikoreshwe
Ijambo nyamukuru
Porogaramu yerekana Apple itanga inyandikorugero nziza ningaruka zo kwerekana amashusho atangaje kubikoresho bya Mac na iOS.
- Ubushobozi bwo hejuru bwo gushushanya hamwe nicyitegererezo cyumwuga
- Kwishyira hamwe hamwe nizindi porogaramu zitanga umusaruro wa Apple
- Urashobora kohereza muburyo bwa PowerPoint kugirango dusangire urubuga
Ibiganiro bya PDF
Guhindura ibiganiro kuri PDF byerekana kwerekana neza mubikoresho byose, byuzuye mugukwirakwiza mugihe utazaba uwatanze ikiganiro.
- Ihuriro rusange ryo gusangira nabarimu hamwe nabanyeshuri mwigana
- Kubika imiterere yose, imyandikire, n’amashusho neza nkuko byateguwe
- Icyifuzo cyo kwerekana imfashanyigisho no gukwirakwiza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki
Imiterere Imiterere yimishinga ishinzwe amasomo
Imiterere ya JPEG / JPG
Imiterere yishusho isanzwe, itunganijwe kumafoto namashusho atoroshye mubikorwa no kwerekana.
- Kwiyunvikana kwiza kumafoto namashusho afatika
- Ihuriro rusange kuri porogaramu zose hamwe na porogaramu
- Ibyiza kumashusho afite amabara menshi na gradients
Imiterere ya PNG
Imiterere idahwitse yo gushyigikira ishyigikira gukorera mu mucyo, nibyiza kubishushanyo, imbonerahamwe, hamwe nubushushanyo hamwe ninyandiko.
- Shyigikira umucyo hamwe na alpha imiyoboro yamashusho
- Gutakaza igihombo bibika imirongo ityaye kandi byumvikana neza
- Byuzuye kuri ecran, ibishushanyo, nimbonerahamwe muri raporo
Imiterere ya SVG
Imiterere ishingiye kuri Vector ipima neza mubunini ubwo aribwo bwose, ingenzi kubishushanyo, ibishushanyo mbonera, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwa siyansi.
- Ntibisanzwe rwose nta gihombo cyiza kubunini bwerekana
- Nibyiza kubishushanyo, ibishushanyo, hamwe nubuhanga bwa tekiniki
- Ingano ya dosiye ntoya kubishushanyo bigoye hamwe nibintu bikorana
Imiterere ya TIFF
Imiterere-yohejuru itagira igihombo ikoreshwa mumafoto, amashusho yubumenyi, nibisohoka bisaba ibisobanuro birambuye.
- Kubika amashusho meza cyane kubushakashatsi nubushakashatsi
- Shyigikira ibice no kwikuramo igihombo
- Bikunzwe kumashusho azakorerwa byinshi cyangwa isesengura
Imiterere ya GIF
Shyigikira animasiyo yoroshye, itunganijwe neza yerekana inzira cyangwa ibitekerezo mubitekerezo hamwe ninshingano za digitale.
- Shyigikira animasiyo yo kwerekana inzira zikurikirana
- Ingano ya dosiye ntoya ya animasiyo yoroshye nubushushanyo
- Guhuza kwisi yose kurubuga na mushakisha
Imiterere y’urubuga
Imiterere igezweho yatunganijwe na Google itanga compression yo hejuru kubikorwa bishingiye kumurongo hamwe na portfolios.
- Ingano ya dosiye ntoya kuruta JPEG ifite ireme ryiza kumishinga yo kumurongo
- Shyigikira guhomba no gutakaza
- Nibyiza kumurongo wiga kumurongo hamwe no kwerekana urubuga
Amajwi na Video Imiterere ya Multimedia Umukoro
MP4 Imiterere ya Video
Igipimo rusange cyibikorwa bya videwo no kwerekana, bitanga ubuziranenge buhebuje.
- Kora ku bikoresho hafi ya byose
- Kuringaniza ubuziranenge nubunini bwa dosiye kugirango dusangire neza
- Shyigikira kodegisi H.264 / H.265 yo kwikuramo ubuziranenge
SHAKA Imiterere ya Video
Imiterere ya QuickTime ya Apple itanga ubuziranenge bwimishinga itandukanye, cyane cyane iyo ikoresha sisitemu ya Mac.
- Ubwiza buhanitse bwo kwerekana imishinga hamwe ninshingano za videwo
- Imiterere isanzwe iyo yandika kubikoresho bya Apple
- Nibyiza kubungabunga ubwiza bwa videwo yumwimerere
Imiterere ya Video ya WebM
Gufungura-isoko yuburyo bwiza kuri sisitemu yo kwiga imiyoborere no gutanga amasomo kumurongo.
- Kunonosora uburyo bwo kwiga kumurongo no guhuza urubuga
- Kwiyunvikana kwiza udatanze ubuziranenge
- Gufungura-isoko imiterere hamwe nubufasha bwagutse bwa mushakisha
MP3 Imiterere y’amajwi
Igipimo rusange cyibikorwa byamajwi, podcast, hamwe namasomo yafashwe hamwe bihuye neza.
- Guhuza isi yose mubikoresho byose hamwe na platform
- Kwiyunvikana kwiza kumajwi yafashwe numuziki
- Byuzuye kubikorwa byururimi no kwerekana ibyanditswe
WAV Imiterere y’amajwi
Imiterere y’amajwi idacometse ibika ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, nibyiza kumasomo yo gutunganya amajwi n’amajwi.
- Gutakaza ubuziranenge bwo gutunganya amajwi n’amasomo ya muzika
- Nibyiza kumushinga usaba gutunganya amajwi no gutunganya
- Imiterere isanzwe yo gufata amajwi meza
Imiterere y’amajwi ya FLAC
Gufungura-isoko itagira igihombo cyamajwi itanga ubuziranenge bwuzuye hamwe na dosiye ntoya kuruta WAV.
- Gutakaza igihombo birinda ubwiza bwamajwi
- 30-50% ntoya kuruta WAV mugihe ikomeza ubuziranenge
- Byuzuye mubikorwa bya muzika hamwe ninshingano zubuhanga bwamajwi
Idosiye Imiterere yo Guhuza Abanyeshuri
Kwambukiranya imipaka no gusaba guhuza
Gusobanukirwa nuburyo bukora neza kurubuga rutandukanye hamwe nibisabwa ni ngombwa mubufatanye budahwitse no gutanga umukoro. Aka gatabo kagufasha guhitamo imiterere ikwiye kuri buri kintu.
Imyitozo myiza yo gukoresha dosiye ikoreshwa mumashuri
Reba Ibisabwa Umukoro
Buri gihe ugenzure imiterere ya dosiye isabwa mumabwiriza yawe mbere yo gutanga. Abarimu bakunze kwerekana imiterere yatoranijwe kugirango barebe ko bahuza na software yabo kandi bakumire ibibazo bya tekiniki bishobora gutinza ibitekerezo cyangwa bikavamo igihe ntarengwa.
Koresha Imiterere Yisi Yose Kugabana
Mugihe ukorana nabanyeshuri mwigana cyangwa gusangira dosiye nabarimu, shyira imbere imiterere rusange nka PDF kubinyandiko, MP4 ya videwo, na MP3 kumajwi. Iyi miterere yemeza kureba no gukinisha bihoraho mubikoresho bitandukanye, sisitemu y’imikorere, na verisiyo ya software, bigabanya ibibazo bihuza.
Bika Idosiye Yakazi muburyo bwa kavukire
Mugihe ukora kumikoro, bika dosiye zawe muburyo kavukire bwa porogaramu yawe (DOCX ya Word, PPTX kuri PowerPoint, nibindi) kugirango ukomeze ubushobozi bwose bwo guhindura. Iyi format ibika ibintu byihariye nkibihinduka bikurikirana, animasiyo, hamwe nuburyo bwo guhitamo bishobora gutakara mugihe uhinduye imiterere rusange.
Kora verisiyo ya PDF yo gutanga Final
Keretse niba byavuzwe ukundi, kora verisiyo ya PDF yinyandiko yawe ya nyuma mbere yo kuyitanga. PDF ifunga muburyo bwawe, imyandikire, n’imiterere neza nkuko wabiteguye, birinda impinduka zose zitunguranye iyo zifunguye kuri sisitemu zitandukanye. Porogaramu nyinshi zigezweho zemerera kohereza hanze muburyo bwa PDF.
Kanda Idosiye Nini yo Kugabana
Mbere yo kohereza ibinini binini, videwo, cyangwa ibyegeranyo byamashusho kuri sisitemu yo kwiga, kanda neza. Koresha dosiye ya ZIP mugukusanya inyandiko, hindura amashusho kumyanzuro ikwiye, kandi ugabanye amashusho kuri bitrate yumvikana mugihe ukomeje ubuziranenge buhagije bwo gusuzuma.
Shyiramo nimero ya verisiyo mumazina ya dosiye
Mugihe ukora mubikorwa byinshi cyangwa gusubiramo, shyiramo nimero ya verisiyo cyangwa amatariki mumazina yawe ya fayili (urugero, “Ubushakashatsi_Paper_v2.docx” cyangwa “Presentation_Draft_09-15.pptx”). Ihwaniro ryoroheje ryo kwita izina ririnda urujijo, rifasha gukurikirana iterambere, kandi ryemeza ko utanga verisiyo igezweho yimirimo yawe.
Ikizamini Mbere yo Kwiyegurira
Nyuma yo guhindura dosiye muburyo bwo gutanga, fungura kubikoresho bitandukanye cyangwa mubundi buryo kugirango ugenzure ibintu byose bigaragara nkuko byateganijwe. Iri genzura ryihuse rishobora gufata ibibazo byimiterere, kubura imyandikire, guhuza imiyoboro, cyangwa ibibazo byo gukina itangazamakuru mbere yuko mwarimu wawe ahura nabo mugihe cyo gutanga amanota.
Idosiye Imiterere yo Guhindura Abanyeshuri
Guhindura Imiterere yinyandiko
Imiterere yinyandiko nyinshi irashobora guhindurwa muburyo bwabo bwa porogaramu binyuze muri “Kubika As” cyangwa “Kohereza”.
- Ijambo kuri PDF: Koresha File> Kubika Nka> PDF cyangwa Kohereza> Kurema PDF
- Google Docs to Word: Idosiye> Gukuramo> Ijambo rya Microsoft (.docx)
- ODT to DOCX: Idosiye> Kubika Nka> Hitamo imiterere ya .docx
Guhindura Imiterere
Guhindura amashusho birashobora gukorwa hifashishijwe porogaramu yo guhindura amafoto, abahindura kumurongo, cyangwa nibikoresho byibanze byubatswe.
- JPEG kuri PNG: Fungura mumashusho yerekana hanyuma ubike As / Kohereza nka PNG
- Ishusho kuri PDF: Shyira amashusho mu nyandiko hanyuma wohereze nka PDF
- TIFF kuri JPEG: Fungura muri Preview (Mac) cyangwa Amafoto (Windows) hanyuma wohereze / ubike nka JPEG
Guhindura Imiterere ya Video
Guhindura amashusho akenshi bisaba software yihariye ariko ni ngombwa kugirango tumenye neza gukina.
- MOV to MP4: Koresha abahindura kubuntu nka HandBrake cyangwa serivisi kumurongo
- Kugabanya ingano ya videwo: Kanda videwo mugihe ukomeje ubuziranenge bwemewe
- Amajwi yafashwe: Kwohereza hanze muburyo bwa MP4 kugirango bihuze rusange
Guhindura Imiterere y’amajwi
Guhindura amajwi byerekana ko amajwi yawe hamwe numushinga wumuziki ushobora kugera kubarimu hamwe nabanyeshuri mwigana.
- WAV to MP3: Koresha Audacity (ubuntu) cyangwa abandi banditsi b’amajwi
- Amajwi yibuka: Kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze muburyo bwa MP3 kugirango dusangire
- Imishinga ya muzika: Kwohereza hanze muburyo bwombi (WAV / FLAC) hamwe na compression (MP3)
Guhindura Imiterere Yerekana
Menya neza ko ibiganiro byawe bikora muri sisitemu zitandukanye.
- PowerPoint kuri PDF: Irinda imiterere ariko itakaza animasiyo
- Ijambo ryibanze kuri PowerPoint: Idosiye> Kohereza Kuri> PowerPoint
- Google yoherejwe hanze: Idosiye> Gukuramo> Microsoft PowerPoint
Ibikoresho byo Guhindura Kumurongo
Serivise ishingiye kumurongo itanga amahitamo yoroshye mugihe udafite software yihariye.
- Guhindura kumurongo kubuntu kubintu bisanzwe bihinduka
- Amahitamo ashingiye kubicu binyuze muri Google Drive na Microsoft OneDrive
- Reba ubuzima bwite hamwe nubunini bwa dosiye mugihe ukoresheje ibikoresho byo kumurongo
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa Kubijyanye na Fayili Yamasomo
Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa dosiye nkwiye gukoresha mugihe ntanze impamyabumenyi yanyuma cyangwa igitabo cyanjye?
Kubisobanuro byanyuma cyangwa ibyatanzwe, PDF irakunzwe kwisi yose. PDF / Imiterere, yagenewe cyane cyane kububiko, yemeza ko inyandiko yawe izakomeza kuboneka kandi ikozwe neza mumyaka mirongo. Amashuri makuru menshi afite umurongo ngenderwaho wihariye wa elegitoroniki hamwe na dissertation (ETD), reba rero ibisabwa ikigo cyawe. Komeza ijambo ryumwimerere utunganya dosiye (.docx, .odt) kubisubiramo byose bizaza cyangwa kongera gukoresha ibikubiyemo.
Kuki imiterere yanjye rimwe na rimwe ihinduka iyo nsangiye inyandiko nabanyeshuri twigana?
Guhindura impinduka mubisanzwe bibaho bitewe nimyandikire itandukanye, verisiyo idahuye, cyangwa itandukaniro rya platform. Kugabanya iki kibazo: (1) Koresha imyandikire isanzwe yashyizwe muri sisitemu nyinshi (Arial, Times New Roman, Calibri); (2) Sangira muburyo bwa PDF mugihe uburyo bwo kubungabunga ari ngombwa; (3) Niba ukoresha Ijambo, kora “Imyandikire yimyandikire muri dosiye” muburyo bwo kubika ijambo; .
Nigute nshobora kugabanya ingano ya dosiye yerekana ntataye ubuziranenge?
Kugabanya ingano ya dosiye yerekana: (1) Kanda amashusho mbere yo kuyinjiza (kanda iburyo-kanda kumashusho muri PowerPoint hanyuma uhitemo “Compress Pictures”); . (3) Shyiramo imyandikire aho kuyihuza; (4) Kuraho amashusho adakoreshwa hamwe na templates; (5) Irinde gushyiramo amashusho ya videwo – aho, kuyasunika ukwayo no kuyahuza; (6) Koresha PowerPoint “Kubika Nka” hamwe na “Kugabanya Ingano ya File” yatoranijwe. Kubiganiro binini cyane, tekereza kubigabanyamo amadosiye menshi cyangwa gukoresha ububiko bwibicu hamwe no kugabana.
Nubuhe buryo bwiza bwo gushyiramo amakuru n’impapuro zerekana mu nshingano zanjye?
Kugirango ushiremo amakuru mumikoro: (1) Kumurongo wibanze wibanze udakeneye kongera kubara, shyira mu nyandiko yawe cyangwa uhindure PDF; (2) Kumakuru yimikorere isaba kubara cyangwa gukoreshwa, ohereza dosiye yumwimerere Excel (XLSX) cyangwa Google Sheets; . (4) Kumibare minini, tekereza gutanga amakuru yibanze (CSV) na dosiye yawe yo gusesengura (XLSX); (5) Buri gihe ushiremo imitwe isobanutse, ibice byo gupima, hamwe namakuru yatanzwe utitaye kumiterere.
Nigute nshobora gushiraho no kubika citations na bibliografiya kumpapuro zamasomo?
Kubisobanuro na bibliografiya: (1) Koresha software yo gucunga citation nka Zotero, Mendeley, cyangwa EndNote kugirango ukomeze imiterere ihamye; . (3) Bika bibliografiya yawe muburyo bumwe nimpapuro zawe; (4) Kubikorwa bifatanyabikorwa, tekereza gukoresha amasomero asangiwe; (5) Buri gihe ujye ubika amakuru yububiko bwawe butandukanye nimpapuro zawe; (6) Mugihe utanze impapuro zanyuma, menya neza ko imirongo yatanzwe neza aho guhuzwa namadosiye yo hanze kugirango wirinde kwangirika.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa dosiye ikora neza mugutanga umukoro binyuze muri sisitemu yo kwiga?
Kwiga sisitemu yo gucunga (LMS) nka Canvas, Ikibaho, cyangwa Moodle: (1) PDF nuburyo bwizewe bwo kureba neza no gukumira guhindura; (2) DOCX irashyigikiwe cyane ariko irashobora kwerekana ukundi ukurikije abayireba; (3) Reba ingano yubunini bwa dosiye – urubuga rwa LMS rwinshi rufite ubunini bwo kohereza (mubisanzwe 10-100MB); (4) Kubikorwa bya multimediya, kanda videwo kumiterere ya MP4 hamwe na bitrate igereranije; (5) Niba utanze amadosiye menshi, tekereza kuyahuza mububiko bumwe bwa ZIP; (6) Buri gihe ugenzure ibyo watanze bigaragara neza nyuma yo kohereza ukoresheje ibiranga “abanyeshuri bareba” iyo bihari.
Nigute nshobora kwemeza ko portfolio yanjye ya digitale igera kubikoresho bitandukanye?
Kubikoresho byambukiranya ibikoresho bya digitale byoroshye: (1) Koresha HTML / CSS yitabira kurubuga rushingiye kumurongo; (2) Hindura imirimo yo gushushanya kuri PDF hamwe nimyandikire yashizwemo; (3) Koresha MP4 kubintu bya videwo hamwe na kodegisi ya H.264; (4) Hindura amashusho kugirango uhuze ubuziranenge nubunini bwa dosiye (JPEG kumafoto, PNG kubishushanyo); (5) Gerageza kubikoresho byinshi na mushakisha mbere yo kugabana; . (7) Shyiramo ubundi buryo bwanditse kubintu bigaragara; (8) Tanga amahuza yo gukuramo amahitamo yo kureba kumurongo.
Nubuhe buryo bwiza bwo gusangira dosiye nini nabarimu cyangwa abo mwigana?
Mugusangira amadosiye manini: (1) Koresha ububiko bwemewe bwikigo cyawe (Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox) hamwe nimpushya zikwiye zo kugabana; (2) Kanda dosiye ukoresheje imiterere ya ZIP cyangwa RAR kugirango ugabanye ubunini; (3) Gabanya dosiye nini cyane mubice bito mugihe bibaye ngombwa; (4) Kubikorwa bya videwo, kora verisiyo ifunitse kugirango urebe byoroshye kandi utange verisiyo yujuje ubuziranenge ubisabwe; (5) Koresha serivisi zo kohereza dosiye zidasaba abahawe gukora konti; (6) Shyiramo amazina ya fayili asobanutse nubuyobozi; (7) Kugenzura amahuza yo gukuramo akazi mbere yo kugabana no gushyiraho amatariki azarangiriraho kumutekano.
Witegure neza umwaka wamasomo?
Imiterere ya dosiye yibanze kugirango yorohereze akazi kawe, urebe neza, kandi utange umukoro utagira inenge. Shyira akamenyetso kuri iki gitabo kugirango ubone ibisobanuro byihuse mumwaka w’ishuri.