Fahimtar Wuraren Launi a Hotuna: Cikakken Jagora zuwa RGB, CMYK, LAB, HSL da ƙari

Fahimtar Wuraren Launi a Hotunan Dijital

Bincika cikakken jagora zuwa ƙirar launi, wuraren launi, da aikace-aikacen su a cikin daukar hoto, ƙira, da kuma hoto na dijital. Jagorar launi don kyakkyawan sakamako a duk na’urori.

RGB & CMYK

HSL & HSV

LAB & XYZ

YCbCr & YUV

Kwatanta Wuraren Launi Jagoran Ayyuka

Cikakken Jagora zuwa Wuraren Launi

Wuraren launi samfuran lissafi ne waɗanda ke ba mu damar wakiltar da kuma kwatanta launuka daidai a cikin tsari. Fahimtar wuraren launi yana da mahimmanci ga masu daukar hoto, masu zanen kaya, masu gyara bidiyo, da duk wanda ke aiki tare da hoton dijital. Wannan cikakken jagorar ya ƙunshi komai daga mahimman ra’ayoyi zuwa dabarun sarrafa launi na ci gaba.

Me yasa Launukan Launuka ke da mahimmanci

Wuraren launi suna bayyana yadda ake sake yin launuka a cikin na’urori daban-daban da kafofin watsa labarai. Suna ƙayyade kewayon launuka (gamut) waɗanda za’a iya nunawa ko bugawa, suna shafar daidaito da fa’idar hotunan ku. Ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin sararin launi ba, abubuwan gani da aka ƙera a hankali na iya fitowa daban fiye da yadda ake nufi lokacin da aka duba su akan fuska daban-daban ko bugu.

Duniyar dijital ta dogara da madaidaicin sadarwar launi. Lokacin da kuke ɗaukar hoto, shirya hoto, ko ƙira gidan yanar gizo, kuna aiki a cikin takamaiman wurare masu launi waɗanda ke ayyana nau’ikan launuka da kuke da su da yadda ake wakiltan su ta hanyar lissafi. Waɗannan wurare masu launi suna aiki azaman yaren duniya wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ja ɗinka ja ɗaya ne akan allon wani ko a bugawa.

Yana tabbatar da daidaitaccen haifuwar launi a cikin na’urori
Yana haɓaka kewayon launi da ke akwai don matsakaicin ku
Yana hana sauye-sauyen launi yayin canjin tsari
Mahimmanci don fitarwa mai inganci na ƙwararru
Mahimmanci don daidaiton alama a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na dijital da bugu

Fahimtar Samfuran Launi da Sarari

Samfuran Launi vs. Wuraren Launi

Yayin da ake amfani da su sau da yawa, ƙirar launi da wurare masu launi daban-daban ra’ayoyi ne. Samfurin launi wani tsari ne na ka’idar don wakiltar launuka (kamar RGB ko CMYK), yayin da sarari launi shine takamaiman aiwatar da ƙirar launi tare da ma’aunin ma’auni (kamar sRGB ko Adobe RGB).

Yi la’akari da samfurin launi a matsayin tsarin gaba ɗaya don kwatanta launuka, kamar faɗin “haɗa ja, kore, da haske mai shuɗi don ƙirƙirar launuka.” Wurin launi yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙa’idodi: daidai abin da inuwar ja, kore, da shuɗi don amfani, da kuma yadda ake haɗa su don samun daidaiton sakamako.

Samfuran launi suna bayyana tsarin don wakilcin launi
Wuraren launi suna ƙayyadad da ainihin sigogi a cikin samfuri
Wuraren launi da yawa na iya kasancewa a cikin samfuri ɗaya
Wuraren launi suna da ƙayyadaddun iyakoki da daidaiton canji

Additive vs. Rage Launi

Ana rarraba samfuran launi azaman ƙari ko ragi, ya danganta da yadda suke ƙirƙirar launuka. Samfuran ƙari (kamar RGB) suna haɗa haske don ƙirƙirar launuka, yayin da ƙirar rabe-rabe (kamar CMYK) ke aiki ta hanyar ɗaukar tsawon haske.

Bambanci na asali ya ta’allaka ne a cikin wuraren farawa: launi mai ƙari yana farawa da duhu (babu haske) kuma yana ƙara haske mai launi don ƙirƙirar haske, yana kaiwa fari lokacin da aka haɗa dukkan launuka da cikakken ƙarfi. Rage launi yana farawa da fari (kamar shafi mara kyau) kuma yana ƙara tawada masu cirewa (sha) wasu tsayin raƙuman ruwa, suna kaiwa baki lokacin da aka haɗa dukkan launuka da cikakken ƙarfi.

Ƙari: RGB (allon fuska, nunin dijital)
Ragewa: CMYK (bugu, kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri)
Aikace-aikace daban-daban suna buƙatar hanyoyi daban-daban
Canjin launi tsakanin tsarin ƙari da ragi yana buƙatar rikitattun sauyi

Launi Gamut da Zurfin Bit

Gamut sarari launi yana nufin kewayon launuka da zai iya wakilta. Zurfin bit yana ƙayyade adadin launuka daban-daban waɗanda za a iya wakilta a cikin wannan gamut. Tare, waɗannan abubuwan suna bayyana iyawar sararin launi.

Yi la’akari da gamut azaman palette na launuka da ke samuwa, da zurfin zurfin yadda za a iya haɗa waɗannan launuka. Ƙayyadadden gamut na iya rasa wasu launuka masu raɗaɗi gaba ɗaya, yayin da ƙarancin zurfin zurfafawar ke haifar da ganuwa ganuwa a cikin gradients maimakon santsi. Ayyukan ƙwararru sau da yawa yana buƙatar duka gamut mai faɗi da zurfin bit don ɗauka da nuna cikakken kewayon bayanan gani.

Faɗin gamut na iya wakiltar ƙarin launuka masu ƙarfi
Zurfin bit mafi girma yana ba da izinin gradients masu santsi
8-bit = 256 matakan kowane tashar (launuka miliyan 16.7)
16-bit = 65,536 matakan kowane tashar (biliyoyin launuka)
Ayyukan ƙwararru sau da yawa yana buƙatar faɗuwar faɗuwar gamut tare da zurfin bit mai zurfi

RGB Launuka An Bayyana

Samfurin Launi na RGB

RGB (Red, Green, Blue) wani nau’in launi ne mai ƙari inda aka haɗa ja, kore, da shuɗi mai haske ta hanyoyi daban-daban don samar da ɗimbin launuka. Ita ce ginshiƙin nunin dijital, daga wayoyin hannu zuwa na’urorin kwamfuta da talabijin.

A cikin tsarin RGB, kowane tashar launi yawanci yana amfani da ragi 8, yana ba da damar matakan 256 kowane tashoshi. Wannan yana haifar da daidaitaccen zurfin launi 24-bit (tashoshi 8 × 3), mai ikon wakiltar kusan launuka miliyan 16.7. Aikace-aikacen ƙwararru sukan yi amfani da 10-bit (fiye da launuka biliyan 1) ko 16-bit (fiye da launuka tiriliyan 281) don ƙarin daidaitattun launi.

RGB ya dogara ne akan tsarin tsarin gani na ɗan adam ga haske, tare da launuka na farko guda uku da suka yi daidai da nau’ikan masu karɓar launi guda uku (cones) a cikin idanunmu. Wannan ya sa ya dace da dabi’a don nuna abun ciki na dijital, amma kuma yana nufin wurare masu launi na RGB daban-daban na iya bambanta da yawa a cikin kewayon su da halayensu.

sRGB (Standard RGB)

HP da Microsoft suka haɓaka a cikin 1996, sRGB shine mafi yawan sarari launi da ake amfani da su a cikin hoto na dijital, saka idanu, da gidan yanar gizo. Yana rufe kusan kashi 35% na bakan launi na bayyane kuma an tsara shi don dacewa da na’urorin nuni na gida da ofis.

Duk da ƙarancin gamut ɗin sa, sRGB ya kasance madaidaicin abun ciki na yanar gizo da daukar hoto na mabukaci saboda dacewarta ta duniya. Yawancin na’urori an daidaita su don nuna sRGB daidai ta tsohuwa, suna mai da shi zaɓi mafi aminci lokacin da kuke son daidaita launuka a cikin fuska daban-daban ba tare da sarrafa launi ba.

An tsara sarari launi na sRGB da gangan tare da ɗan ƙaramin gamut don dacewa da damar masu saka idanu na CRT daga 1990s. Wannan iyakance ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayin yanayin gidan yanar gizo na zamani, kodayake ana ɗaukar sabbin ƙa’idodi a hankali tare da shi.

Tsohuwar sarari launi don yawancin abun ciki na dijital
Yana tabbatar da daidaiton bayyanar a yawancin na’urori
Mafi dacewa don abun ciki na tushen yanar gizo da daukar hoto gaba ɗaya
Ana amfani da shi ta tsohuwa a yawancin kyamarori masu amfani da wayoyin hannu
Yana da ƙimar gamma kusan 2.2

Adobe RGB (1998)

Adobe Systems ya haɓaka, Adobe RGB yana ba da gamut mai faɗi fiye da sRGB, wanda ke rufe kusan kashi 50% na bakan launi na bayyane. An ƙirƙira shi musamman don haɗa yawancin launuka waɗanda za’a iya cimma su akan firintocin launi na CMYK, yana mai da shi mahimmanci don ayyukan samarwa na bugawa.

Adobe RGB’s faɗaɗa gamut ana iya gani musamman a cikin launukan cyan-kore, waɗanda galibi ana yanke su cikin sRGB. Wannan ya sa ya shahara a tsakanin ƙwararrun masu daukar hoto da masu zanen kaya waɗanda ke buƙatar adana launuka masu haske, musamman don fitowar da aka buga.

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fa’idodin Adobe RGB shine ikonsa na wakiltar ɗimbin launuka masu yawa a cikin yankin kore-cyan, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ɗaukar hoto mai faɗi da batutuwan yanayi. Koyaya, ana samun wannan fa’idar ne kawai lokacin da gabaɗayan aikin aiki (kamawa, gyarawa, da fitarwa) ke goyan bayan sararin launi na Adobe RGB.

Faɗin gamut fiye da sRGB, musamman a cikin ganye da cyans
Mafi kyau ga bugu samar workflows
ƙwararrun masu daukar hoto da yawa sun fi so
Akwai azaman zaɓi na ɗauka a manyan kyamarori masu tsayi
Yana buƙatar sarrafa launi don nunawa daidai

ProPhoto RGB

Kodak ya haɓaka, ProPhoto RGB (wanda kuma aka sani da ROMM RGB) ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan wuraren launi na RGB, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 90% na launuka masu iya gani. Ya wuce iyakar hangen nesa na ɗan adam a wasu wurare, yana ba shi damar adana kusan duk launukan da kyamara za ta iya ɗauka.

Saboda girman gamut ɗin sa, ProPhoto RGB yana buƙatar zurfin bit mai zurfi (16-bit a kowace tashoshi maimakon 8-bit) don guje wa bandeji a cikin gradients. Ana amfani da shi da farko a cikin ƙwararrun ayyukan daukar hoto, musamman don dalilai na adana kayan tarihi da babban bugu.

ProPhoto RGB shine daidaitaccen wurin aiki a cikin Adobe Lightroom kuma galibi ana ba da shawarar don adana iyakar bayanin launi yayin aikin haɓaka ɗanyen. Yana da girma ta yadda wasu launukansa suna “haske” (a waje da hangen nesa na ɗan adam), amma wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ba a yanke launuka masu kama da kyamara ba yayin gyarawa.

Madaidaicin gamut mai faɗi wanda ke rufe mafi yawan launukan bayyane
Yana adana launuka da kyamarori masu tsayi suka kama
Yana buƙatar tafiyar aiki 16-bit don hana bandeji
Tsohuwar sarari aiki a cikin Adobe Lightroom
Bai dace da tsarin bayarwa na ƙarshe ba tare da juyawa ba

Nuna P3

Apple ya haɓaka, Nuni P3 ya dogara ne akan sararin launi na DCI-P3 da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin silima na dijital. Yana ba da kusan 25% ƙarin ɗaukar launi fiye da sRGB, musamman a cikin ja da kore, yana sa hotuna su bayyana mafi ƙarfi da rayuwa.

Nuni P3 ya sami shahara sosai kamar yadda na’urorin Apple ke tallafawa, gami da iPhones, iPads, da Macs tare da nunin gamut mai faɗi. Yana wakiltar tsaka-tsaki tsakanin sRGB da sararin sarari kamar Adobe RGB, yana ba da ingantattun launuka yayin kiyaye dacewa mai ma’ana.

Wurin launi na P3 an ƙirƙira shi ne don tsinkayar silima na dijital (DCI-P3), amma Apple ya daidaita shi don fasahar nuni ta amfani da madaidaicin farin D65 (daidai da sRGB) maimakon madaidaicin farin DCI. Wannan ya sa ya fi dacewa da mahallin kafofin watsa labarai masu gauraya yayin da har yanzu ke samar da launuka masu mahimmanci fiye da sRGB.

Faɗin gamut tare da kyakkyawan ɗaukar hoto na ja da kore
‘Yan asali zuwa nunin Retina na Apple da na’urorin hannu
Haɓaka tallafi a duk faɗin dandamali na dijital
Yana amfani da fari guda ɗaya (D65) azaman sRGB
Kasancewa yana ƙara mahimmanci don ƙirar gidan yanar gizo na zamani da ƙirar ƙa’ida

Rec.2020 (BT.2020)

An ƙirƙira don ultra high-definition television (UHDTV), Rec.2020 ya ƙunshi sama da 75% na launuka masu iya gani. Yana da girma sosai fiye da sRGB da Adobe RGB, yana ba da haifuwar launi na musamman don abun ciki na 4K da 8K.

Yayin da ‘yan nuni a halin yanzu za su iya sake haifar da cikakken gamut na Rec.2020, yana aiki a matsayin ma’auni na gaba don samar da bidiyo mai girma da ƙwarewa. Yayin da fasahar nuni ke ci gaba, ƙarin na’urori suna gabatowa wannan sararin launi mai faɗi.

Rec.2020 wani ɓangare ne na ƙa’idodin ƙasa da ƙasa don Ultra HDTV kuma ana amfani dashi tare da fasahar High Dynamic Range (HDR) kamar HDR10 da Dolby Vision. Gamut ɗinsa mai faɗi sosai yana amfani da launuka na farko na monochromatic (467nm shuɗi, 532nm kore, da ja 630nm) waɗanda ke kusa da ƙarshen bakan da ake iya gani, yana ba shi damar mamaye kusan duk launukan ɗan adam.

Gamut mai faɗi sosai don babban ma’anar abun ciki
Matsayin tabbataccen gaba don fasahar nuni masu tasowa
Ana amfani dashi a cikin ayyukan samar da bidiyo na ƙwararru
Wani ɓangare na yanayin yanayin HDR don bidiyo mai zuwa
A halin yanzu babu nunin da zai iya haifar da cikakken gamut Rec.2020

Wuraren Launi na CMYK da Samar da Buga

Samfurin Launi na CMYK

CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key/Black) samfurin launi ne mai ragi wanda aka yi amfani da shi da farko wajen bugawa. Ba kamar RGB ba, wanda ke ƙara haske don ƙirƙirar launuka, CMYK yana aiki ta hanyar ɗaukar (rage) wasu tsayin raƙuman ruwa daga farin haske, ta yin amfani da tawada akan takarda ko wasu kayan aiki.

CMYK’s gamut yawanci ƙanƙara ne fiye da wuraren launi na RGB, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ƙwaƙƙwaran hotuna na dijital wani lokaci sukan zama mara nauyi idan an buga su. Fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin RGB da CMYK yana da mahimmanci ga masu zanen kaya da masu daukar hoto waɗanda suka ƙirƙira abun ciki don duka dijital da kafofin watsa labarai na bugawa.

A ka’idar, hada cyan, magenta, da rawaya a cikakken ƙarfi ya kamata ya haifar da baki, amma saboda ƙazanta a cikin tawada na ainihi, wannan yawanci yana haifar da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Shi ya sa aka ƙara tawada baƙar fata (K) daban, yana ba da baƙar fata na gaskiya da inganta cikakkun bayanai. “K” yana nufin “Maɓalli” saboda baƙar fata yana ba da cikakkun bayanai da daidaitawa ga sauran launuka a cikin bugu na gargajiya.

Nau’o’in takarda daban-daban, hanyoyin bugu, da ƙirar tawada na iya tasiri sosai yadda launukan CMYK ke bayyana a fitowar ƙarshe. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun aikin bugu sun dogara sosai kan sarrafa launi da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun CMYK waɗanda aka keɓance da takamaiman yanayin samarwa.

Daidaitaccen Wuraren Launi na CMYK

Ba kamar RGB ba, wanda ya fayyace sararin launi kamar sRGB da Adobe RGB, wuraren launi na CMYK sun bambanta bisa yanayin bugu, nau’ikan takarda, da ƙirar tawada. Wasu mizanan CMYK gama gari sun haɗa da:

Rufin Yanar Gizo na Amurka (SWOP) v2 – Daidaitaccen bugu na gidan yanar gizo a Arewacin Amurka
Mai rufi FOGRA39 (ISO 12647-2: 2004) – Matsayin Turai don takarda mai rufi
Launi na Japan 2001 Mai rufi – Daidaitaccen bugu na biya a Japan
GRACoL 2006 Mai rufi – Ƙididdiga don ingantaccen bugu na kasuwanci
Farashin FOGRA27 – Daidaitaccen takarda mai rufi a Turai (tsohuwar sigar)
Rubutun Sheetfeed na Amurka v2 – Don buga diyya a kan takarda mai rufi
Amurka Ba a rufe ba v2 – Domin bugu akan takaddun da ba a rufe ba
Farashin FOGRA47 – Don takardar da ba a rufe ba a Turai

Canjin RGB zuwa CMYK

Canzawa daga RGB zuwa CMYK ya ƙunshi duka canjin launi na lissafi da taswira gamut, tunda CMYK ba zai iya haifar da duk launukan RGB ba. Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da canza launin launi, wani muhimmin al’amari ne na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ayyukan bugu.

Canjin RGB zuwa CMYK yana da rikitarwa saboda yana canzawa daga ƙari zuwa ƙirar launi mai rahusa yayin yin taswirar launuka a lokaci guda daga gamut mai girma zuwa ƙarami. Ba tare da ingantaccen tsarin launi ba, shuɗi mai haske da kore a cikin RGB na iya zama maras ban sha’awa da laka a cikin CMYK, jajayen na iya canzawa zuwa lemu, kuma bambance-bambancen launi na iya ɓacewa.

Yana buƙatar tsarin sarrafa launi don daidaito
Ya kamata a yi amfani da bayanan martaba na ICC don sakamako mafi kyau
Sau da yawa yana canza bayyanar launuka masu ƙarfi
Mafi kyawun yi a ƙarshen aikin samarwa
Tabbaci mai laushi na iya samfoti bayyanar CMYK akan nunin RGB
Manufofin yin mabambanta suna haifar da sakamako daban-daban

Spot Launuka da Extended Gamut

Don shawo kan iyakokin CMYK, bugu yakan haɗa launuka tabo (kamar Pantone) ko tsawaita tsarin gamut waɗanda ke ƙara tawada orange, kore, da violet (CMYK+OGV) don faɗaɗa kewayon launuka masu iya sakewa.

Launukan tabo musamman gauraye tawada da ake amfani da su don daidaitaccen launi, musamman don abubuwa masu alama kamar tambura. Ba kamar launukan tsari na CMYK waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su ta hanyar haɗa dige-dige na daidaitattun tawada huɗu, launukan tabo an riga an haɗa su zuwa ainihin dabara, suna tabbatar da daidaiton daidaito a duk kayan da aka buga.

Pantone Matching System yana ba da daidaitattun launuka tabo
Buga gamut mai tsayi yana kusanci kewayon launi na RGB
Hexachrome da sauran tsarin suna ƙara ƙarin tawada na farko
Mahimmanci don daidaiton launi a cikin marufi da tallace-tallace
Tsarin CMYK + Orange, Green, Violet (launi 7) na iya haifar da har zuwa 90% na launukan Pantone.
Matsalolin dijital na zamani galibi suna goyan bayan faɗaɗa bugu gamut

Lab da Wuraren Launi masu zaman kansu na Na’ura

Samfuran Launi masu zaman kansu na Na’ura

Ba kamar RGB da CMYK ba, waɗanda suka dogara da na’urar (bayyanar su ta bambanta dangane da kayan aiki), wuraren launi masu zaman kansu na na’urar kamar CIE L * a * b * (Lab) da CIE XYZ suna da nufin bayyana launuka kamar yadda idon ɗan adam ke fahimce su, ba tare da la’akari da yadda ake nunawa ko sake bugawa ba.

Wadannan wurare masu launi suna zama tushen tsarin sarrafa launi na zamani, suna aiki a matsayin “masu fassarar duniya” tsakanin na’urori daban-daban da nau’ikan launi. Sun dogara ne akan fahimtar kimiyya na tsinkayen launin ɗan adam maimakon iyawar na’ura.

Wuraren launi masu zaman kansu na na’ura suna da mahimmanci saboda suna ba da tabbataccen wurin tunani a cikin ayyukan sarrafa launi. Yayin da ƙimar RGB iri ɗaya na iya bambanta akan na’urori daban-daban, ƙimar launi Lab tana wakiltar launi iri ɗaya ba tare da la’akari da na’urar ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Lab ke aiki azaman Space Connection Space (PCS) a cikin sarrafa launi na ICC, yana sauƙaƙe juzu’i daidai tsakanin wuraren launi daban-daban.

CIE XYZ Launuka Space

An ƙirƙira a cikin 1931 ta Hukumar Kula da Haskakawa ta Duniya (CIE), sararin launi na XYZ shine farkon sararin launi na lissafin lissafi. Ya ƙunshi duk launukan da ake iya gani ga matsakaicin idon ɗan adam kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe ga sauran wurare masu launi.

A cikin XYZ, Y suna wakiltar haske, yayin da X da Z suna da ƙima masu ƙima masu alaƙa da abubuwan chromatic na launi. Ana amfani da wannan sarari da farko azaman ma’aunin tunani kuma ba kasafai ake yin rikodin hoto kai tsaye ba. Ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga kimiyyar launi da kuma tushen canjin launi.

An samo sararin samaniyar launi na CIE XYZ daga jerin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a kan fahimtar launi na mutum. Masu bincike sun yi taswirar yadda matsakaicin mutum ke tsinkayi nau’ikan haske daban-daban, suna ƙirƙirar abin da aka sani da sararin launi na CIE 1931, wanda ya haɗa da sanannen zane mai siffar “dawakai” chromaticity wanda ke zana dukkan launuka masu yuwuwa ga ɗan adam.

Tushen ma’aunin launi na kimiyya
Ya ƙunshi duk launukan da ake iya gani na ɗan adam
An yi amfani da shi azaman tunani don canza launi
Dangane da ma’auni na tsinkayen launin ɗan adam
An ƙirƙira ta amfani da daidaitaccen samfurin kallo

CIE Lab* (Lab) Space Launi

An haɓaka shi a cikin 1976, CIE L * a * b * (sau da yawa ana kiransa “Lab”) an tsara shi don zama iri ɗaya na fahimta, ma’ana daidai tazara a cikin sararin launi yayi daidai da kusan daidaitaccen fahimtar bambance-bambance a launi. Wannan ya sa ya dace don auna bambance-bambancen launi da yin gyaran launi.

A cikin Lab, L* yana wakiltar haske (0-100), a* yana wakiltar axis kore-ja, kuma b* yana wakiltar axis blue-yellow. Wannan rabuwa na haske da bayanin launi yana sa Lab ɗin yana da amfani musamman don ayyukan gyara hoto kamar daidaita bambanci ba tare da shafar launuka ba.

Haɗin haɗin kai na Lab yana sa ya zama mai kima don gyaran launi da sarrafa inganci. Idan launuka biyu suna da ɗan ƙaramin bambanci na lambobi a cikin ƙimar Lab, za su bayyana kaɗan kaɗan ga masu kallon ɗan adam. Wannan kadarar ba gaskiya ba ce ga RGB ko CMYK, inda bambancin lamba iri ɗaya zai iya haifar da canje-canjen da ake gani daban-daban dangane da inda a cikin sarari launi launukan suke.

Haƙiƙa uniform don daidaitaccen ma’aunin launi
Yana raba haske da bayanin launi
An yi amfani da shi wajen gyaran hoto na ci gaba da gyaran launi
Mahimmin ɓangaren aikin sarrafa launi na ICC
Zai iya bayyana launuka a wajen gamut na RGB da CMYK
Ana amfani da shi don lissafin bambancin launi na Delta-E

CIE L * u * v * Sararin launi

An haɓaka CIE L * u * v * tare da L * a * b * azaman madadin sararin launi iri ɗaya. Yana da amfani musamman ga aikace-aikacen da suka haɗa da haɗakar launi da nuni, yayin da L*a*b* galibi ana fifita shi don tsarin launi mai ratsewa kamar bugu.

Kamar Lab, L*u*v* yana amfani da L* don haske, yayin da u* da v* sune haɗin gwiwar chromaticity. Ana amfani da wannan sararin launi a cikin tsarin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin da lissafin bambancin launi don fasahar nuni.

Babban bambanci tsakanin L * a * b * da L * u * v * shine L * u * v * an ƙera shi musamman don ɗaukar launuka masu haske da haske. Ya haɗa da ikon wakiltar launuka dangane da daidaitawar chromaticity waɗanda za a iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi tare da zane-zanen chromaticity da aka yi amfani da su a cikin launi da ƙirar haske.

Ya dace da aikace-aikacen launi mai ƙari
Ana amfani da shi a cikin talabijin da masana’antar watsa shirye-shirye
Yana ba da ma’aunin bambancin launi iri ɗaya
Mafi kyau ga launuka masu haske da ƙirar haske
Ya haɗa da taswirar zafin launi mai alaƙa

HSL, HSV, da Wuraren Launuka na Hankali

Wakilin Launi mai Ilhama

Yayin da RGB da CMYK ke bayyana launuka dangane da haɗakar launi na farko, HSL (Hue, Saturation, Lightness) da HSV/HSB (Hue, Saturation, Value/Brightness) suna wakiltar launuka ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da yadda mutane suke tunanin launi.

Waɗannan wurare suna raba abubuwan haɗin launi (hue) daga halayen ƙarfi (jikewa da haske / haske), yana sanya su da amfani musamman don zaɓin launi, ƙirar UI, da aikace-aikacen fasaha inda gyare-gyaren launi masu mahimmanci suke da mahimmanci.

Babban fa’idar HSL da HSV ita ce sun daidaita daidai da yadda mutane ke tunani a zahiri da kuma kwatanta launuka. Lokacin da wani yana son ƙirƙirar “mai duhu shuɗi” ko “mafi kyawun ja,” suna tunani game da hue, jikewa, da haske – ba dangane da ƙimar RGB ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa masu zabar launi a cikin software na ƙira sukan gabatar da duka RGB sliders da zaɓuɓɓukan HSL/HSV.

HSL Launi Space

HSL tana wakiltar launuka a cikin tsarin daidaita siliki, tare da Hue a matsayin kusurwa (0-360°) wakiltar nau’in launi, jikewa (0-100%) yana nuna tsananin launi, da Haske (0-100%) yana kwatanta yadda haske ko duhu launi yake.

HSL yana da amfani musamman don aikace-aikacen ƙira saboda taswirar sigoginsa da fahimta ga yadda muke kwatanta launuka. Ana amfani da shi sosai wajen haɓaka yanar gizo ta hanyar CSS, inda za’a iya ƙayyade launuka ta amfani da aikin hsl(). Wannan yana sa ƙirƙirar tsarin launi da daidaita launuka don jihohi daban-daban na mu’amala (tsayawa, mai aiki, da sauransu) mafi ƙwarewa.

Hue: Launin tushe (ja, rawaya, kore, da sauransu)
Saturation: Ƙarfin launi daga launin toka (0%) zuwa launi mai tsabta (100%)
Haske: Haske daga baki (0%) ta launi zuwa fari (100%)
Na kowa a ƙirar gidan yanar gizo da ƙayyadaddun launi na CSS
Matsakaicin haske (100%) koyaushe yana haifar da fari ba tare da la’akari da launi ba
Samfurin simmetric tare da haske na tsakiya (50%) don launuka masu tsabta

HSV/HSB Space Launi

HSV (wanda ake kira HSB) yayi kama da HSL amma yana amfani da Ƙimar / Haske maimakon Haske. A cikin HSV, matsakaicin haske (100%) yana haifar da cikakken launi ba tare da la’akari da jikewa ba, yayin da a cikin HSL, matsakaicin haske koyaushe yana samar da fari.

Samfurin HSV galibi ana fifita shi a cikin musaya masu ɗaukar launi saboda yana yin taswirori da hankali ga yadda masu fasaha ke haɗa launuka da fenti-farawa da baƙar fata (ba haske/daraja) da ƙara launi don ƙirƙirar launuka na haɓaka haske. Yana da mahimmanci musamman don ƙirƙirar inuwa da sautunan launi yayin da yake kiyaye launin sa da aka gane.

Hue: Launin tushe (ja, rawaya, kore, da sauransu)
Saturation: Ƙarfin launi daga fari/ launin toka (0%) zuwa launi mai tsabta (100%)
Darajar/Haske: Ƙarfi daga baki (0%) zuwa cikakken launi (100%)
Yawanci ana amfani da shi a cikin masu zabar launi na ƙirar software
Matsakaicin ƙima (100%) yana samar da cikakken launi a mafi tsananin ƙarfi
Ƙarin fahimta don ƙirƙirar inuwa da sautuna

Tsarin Launi na Munsell

Tsarin Munsell shine sararin fahimtar launi na tarihi wanda ke tsara launuka a cikin nau’i uku: hue, darajar (haske), da chroma (tsarkake launi). An ƙirƙiri shi don samar da hanyar da aka tsara don kwatanta launuka dangane da fahimtar ɗan adam.

Wanda Farfesa Albert H. Munsell ya haɓaka a farkon karni na 20, wannan tsarin ya kasance juyin juya hali saboda yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko don tsara launuka bisa ga daidaituwar fahimta maimakon kaddarorin jiki. Ba kamar wuraren launi na zamani na zamani ba, tsarin jiki ne ta amfani da guntun launi fentin da aka shirya a cikin sarari mai girma uku.

Ya ƙididdige samfuran launi na dijital amma har yanzu ana amfani da su a wasu fagage
Tasiri a cikin ci gaban ka’idar launi na zamani
Har ila yau ana amfani da shi wajen rarraba ƙasa, ilimin fasaha, da nazarin launi
Dangane da tazarar fahimta maimakon dabarar lissafi
Yana tsara launuka a cikin tsari mai kama da bishiya tare da hue mai haskakawa daga tsakiyar axis

HCL Launuka Space

HCL (Hue, Chroma, Luminance) sarari launi ce ta tsinkaya wacce ta haɗu da ilhamar HSL tare da daidaituwar fahimta na Lab. Yana da amfani musamman don ƙirƙirar palette mai launi da gradients waɗanda suka bayyana daidai cikin tsinkayen haske da jikewa.

Duk da yake ba kamar yadda ake aiwatar da shi sosai a cikin software kamar HSL ko HSV ba, HCL (wanda kuma ake kira LCh lokacin da aka ba da umarni daban-daban) yana samun karɓuwa don gani da ƙirƙira bayanai saboda yana haifar da ma’aunin launi daidai gwargwado. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman don ganin bayanan inda ake amfani da launi don wakiltar ƙima.

Haƙiƙa uniform sabanin HSL/HSV
Madalla don ƙirƙirar ma’aunin launi masu daidaituwa
Dangane da sararin launi na Lab amma tare da daidaitawar polar
Ana ƙara amfani da shi wajen ganin bayanai da ƙirar bayanai
Ƙirƙirar ƙarin jituwa da daidaita tsarin launi

YCbCr da Wuraren Launi na Bidiyo

Haske-Chrominance Rabuwa

Tsarin bidiyo da matsar hoto galibi suna amfani da wuraren launi waɗanda ke raba haske (haske) da bayanan chrominance (launi). Wannan hanya tana ɗaukar fa’idar tsarin gani na ɗan adam mafi girman hankali ga cikakkun bayanai masu haske fiye da bambancin launi.

Ta hanyar ɓoye haske a mafi girman ƙuduri fiye da abubuwan haɗin chrominance, waɗannan wuraren suna ba da damar matse bayanai masu mahimmanci yayin kiyaye ingancin hoto da aka gane. Wannan shine tushen mafi yawan tsarin bidiyo na dijital da fasahar matsawa.

Tsarin gani na ɗan adam ya fi kulawa da canje-canje a cikin haske fiye da canza launi. Ana amfani da wannan gaskiyar nazarin halittu a cikin matsawar bidiyo ta hanyar sadaukar da ƙarin bandwidth zuwa bayanin haske fiye da launi. Wannan hanya, da ake kira chroma subsampling, na iya rage girman fayil da kashi 50% ko fiye yayin da ake kiyaye ingancin gani wanda ya bayyana kusan kama da tushen da ba a matsawa ba.

YCbCr Space Launi

YCbCr shine mafi yawan sararin launi da ake amfani dashi a cikin bidiyo na dijital da matsar hoto. Y yana wakiltar haske, yayin da Cb da Cr suna da bambancin launin shuɗi da bambancin chrominance. Wannan sarari yana da alaƙa kusa da YUV amma an daidaita shi don tsarin dijital.

Hotunan JPEG, bidiyoyin MPEG, da galibin tsarin bidiyo na dijital suna amfani da rufaffiyar YCbCr. Daidaitaccen aikin “chroma subsampling” (rage ƙudurin tashoshin Cb da Cr) a cikin waɗannan nau’ikan yana yiwuwa saboda rabuwar haske-chrominance.

Samfuran chroma yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman rabo na lambobi uku, kamar 4:2:0 ko 4:2:2. A cikin 4: 2: 0 subsampling (na kowa a cikin bidiyo mai gudana), ga kowane samfuran haske guda huɗu, samfuran chrominance guda biyu ne kawai a kwance kuma babu ɗaya a tsaye. Wannan yana rage ƙudurin launi zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙudirin haske, rage girman girman fayil yayin da yake riƙe kyakkyawar fahimta mai kyau.

Ana amfani dashi a kusan duk tsarin bidiyo na dijital
Tushen damfara hoton JPEG
Yana ba da damar ingantaccen samfurin chroma (4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4)
Bambance-bambancen daban-daban sun wanzu don ma’auni na bidiyo daban-daban
Ana amfani da su a cikin H.264, H.265, VP9, da kuma AV1 codecs

YUV Launuka Space

An haɓaka YUV don tsarin talabijin na analog don samar da daidaituwa na baya tsakanin launi da watsa shirye-shiryen baki da fari. Kamar YCbCr, yana raba haske (Y) daga abubuwan chrominance (U da V).

Yayin da ake amfani da YUV sau da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwa don komawa ga kowane tsarin haske-chrominance, YUV na gaskiya ya keɓanta ga ma’aunin talabijin na analog. Tsarukan dijital na zamani gabaɗaya suna amfani da YCbCr, kodayake sharuɗɗan ana yawan rikicewa ko kuma ana amfani da su tare.

Asalin ci gaban YUV shine babban nasarar aikin injiniya wanda ya warware ƙalubalen watsa siginar TV masu launi yayin kiyaye dacewa tare da talabijin na baki da fari. Ta hanyar ɓoye bayanan launi ta hanyar da baƙar fata-da-fari TVs za su yi watsi da su, injiniyoyi sun ƙirƙiri tsarin da za a iya kallon watsa shirye-shirye guda ɗaya akan nau’ikan saiti guda biyu.

Muhimmancin tarihi a ci gaban watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin
Sau da yawa ba daidai ba a yi amfani da shi azaman jumla na gaba ɗaya don YCbCr
Bambance-bambancen daban-daban sun wanzu don ma’auni na TV na analog daban-daban
PAL, NTSC, da tsarin SECAM sun yi amfani da aiwatar da YUV daban-daban
An kunna daidaitawar baya tare da talabijin na baki da fari

Rec.709 da HD Bidiyo

Rec.709 (ITU-R Shawarwarin BT.709) ya bayyana sararin launi da sigogin ɓoye don babban ma’anar talabijin. Yana ƙayyadad’a duka biyun RGB na farko da YCbCr mai ɓoye don abun ciki HD, tare da gamut kama da sRGB.

Wannan ma’auni yana tabbatar da daidaito a HD samar da bidiyo da nunawa a fadin na’urori daban-daban da tsarin watsa shirye-shirye. Ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun launi na farko, ayyukan canja wuri (gamma), da matrix coefficients don RGB zuwa juyawa YCbCr.

An kafa Rec.709 a cikin 1990s a matsayin ma’auni na HDTV, yana ƙayyadaddun ba kawai sararin launi ba amma har ma da ƙimar ƙira, ƙuduri, da ƙimar yanayin. Tsarin gamma ɗin sa ya ɗan bambanta da sRGB, kodayake suna raba farkon launi iri ɗaya. Yayin da Rec.709 ya kasance mai juyin juya hali na lokacinsa, sabbin ka’idoji kamar tsarin Rec.2020 da HDR suna ba da gamut masu launi da yawa da tsayin daka.

Daidaitaccen sarari launi don HD talabijin
Gamut iri ɗaya zuwa sRGB amma tare da ɓoye daban-daban
Ana amfani dashi a cikin fayafai na Blu-ray da watsa shirye-shiryen HD
Yana bayyana takamaiman aikin canja wuri mara layi (gamma)
Ana haɓaka ta hanyar matakan HDR kamar PQ da HLG

Bidiyon Rage Mai Girma

Bidiyo mai tsayi mai ƙarfi (HDR) yana faɗaɗa duka gamut ɗin launi da kewayon haske na bidiyon gargajiya. Ma’auni kamar HDR10, Dolby Vision, da HLG (Hybrid Log-Gamma) sun bayyana yadda wannan faɗaɗa kewayon ke ɓoye da nunawa.

Bidiyo na HDR yawanci yana amfani da sabbin ayyukan canja wuri (EOTF) kamar PQ (Perceptual Quantizer, daidaitacce azaman SMPTE ST 2084) wanda zai iya wakiltar babban kewayon matakan haske fiye da masu lankwasa gamma na gargajiya. Haɗe tare da gamut ɗin launi masu faɗi kamar P3 ko Rec.2020, wannan yana haifar da ƙarin haƙiƙa da ƙwarewar kallo mai zurfi.

Bambanci tsakanin SDR da abun ciki na HDR yana da ban mamaki – HDR na iya wakiltar komai daga inuwa mai zurfi zuwa haske mai haske a cikin firam guda ɗaya, kama da yadda idon ɗan adam ke fahimtar al’amuran gaske. Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar sasantawa a cikin fallasa da kewayon ƙarfi wanda ya zama dole a cikin tarihin fim da bidiyo.

Yana faɗaɗa duka kewayon launi da kewayon haske
Yana amfani da sabbin ayyukan canja wuri kamar PQ da HLG
HDR10 yana ba da launi 10-bit tare da metadata a tsaye
Dolby Vision yana ba da launi 12-bit tare da metadata ta fage
An tsara HLG don dacewa da watsa shirye-shirye

Kwatanta Wuraren Launi gama gari

Wuraren launi a kallo

Wannan kwatancen yana nuna mahimman halaye da amfani da lokuta don mafi yawan wuraren launi. Fahimtar waɗannan bambance-bambance yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar wurin launi daidai don takamaiman bukatun ku.

Kwatanta Wuraren Launuka na RGB

sRGB: Mafi ƙarancin gamut, ma’auni don gidan yanar gizo, dacewa ta duniya
Adobe RGB: Faɗin gamut, mafi kyawun bugawa, musamman a wuraren kore-cyan
Nuna P3: Ingantattun ja da kore, waɗanda na’urorin Apple ke amfani da su
ProPhoto RGB: Gamut mai faɗi sosai, yana buƙatar zurfin 16-bit, manufa don ɗaukar hoto
Rec.2020: Ultra-fadi gamut don bidiyon 4K/8K, daidaitaccen mai da hankali kan gaba

Halayen Sararin Launuka

CMYK: Ragewa, mai daidaita bugu, ƙarami gamut fiye da RGB
Lab: Mai zaman kansa na na’ura, daidaitaccen fahimta, gamut mafi girma
HSL/HSV: Zaɓin launi mai fahimta, ba iri ɗaya ba
YCbCr: Yana raba haske da launi, an inganta shi don matsawa
XYZ: Wurin magana don kimiyyar launi, ba a yi amfani da shi kai tsaye don hotuna ba

Yi amfani da Shawarwari na Harka

Yanar Gizo da Abubuwan Dijital: sRGB ko Nuni P3 (tare da faɗuwar sRGB)
Ɗaukar ƙwararru: Adobe RGB ko ProPhoto RGB a cikin 16-bit
Buga Ƙarfafawa: Adobe RGB don sarari aiki, bayanin martaba na CMYK don fitarwa
Samar da Bidiyo: Rec.709 na HD, Rec.2020 don UHD/HDR
Fasaha da Zane na Dijital: Adobe RGB ko Nuni P3
Gyara Launi: Lab don daidaitawa mai zaman kansa na na’ura
Zane na UI/UX: HSL/HSV don zaɓin launi mai fahimta
Matsa Bidiyo: YCbCr tare da samfurin chroma mai dacewa

Gudanar da Sararin Samaniya Mai Aiki

Tsarin Gudanar da Launi

Tsarin kula da launi (CMS) yana tabbatar da daidaitaccen haifuwar launi a cikin na’urori daban-daban ta amfani da bayanan martaba na na’ura da canjin sararin launi. Suna da mahimmanci don ƙwararrun ayyukan aiki a cikin ɗaukar hoto, ƙira, da bugu.

Tushen sarrafa launi na zamani shine tsarin bayanan martaba na ICC (International Color Consortium). Waɗannan bayanan martaba suna bayyana halayen launi na takamaiman na’urori ko wurare masu launi, suna ba da damar ingantacciyar fassarorin tsakanin su. Ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa launi ba, ƙimar RGB iri ɗaya na iya bambanta sosai a cikin na’urori daban-daban.

Dangane da bayanan martaba na ICC waɗanda ke nuna halayen launi na na’ura
Yana amfani da bayanan martaba masu zaman kansu (kamar Lab) azaman musayar sarari
Yana sarrafa taswirar gamut don wurare daban-daban
Yana ba da niyya don maƙasudin juyawa daban-daban
Yana goyan bayan hanyar haɗin na’ura biyu da canje-canje masu yawa

Nuni Calibration

Kulawa da daidaitawa shine tushen sarrafa launi, tabbatar da nunin ku yana wakiltar launuka daidai. Ba tare da na’ura mai daidaitawa ba, duk sauran ƙoƙarin sarrafa launi na iya lalacewa.

Daidaitawa ya ƙunshi daidaita saitunan mai saka idanu da ƙirƙirar bayanin martaba na ICC wanda ke daidaita duk wani sabani daga daidaitattun halayen launi. Wannan tsari yawanci yana buƙatar kayan aiki mai launi ko spectrophotometer don ingantacciyar sakamako, kodayake ƙirar software ta asali ta fi kowa ko kaɗan.

Na’urorin daidaita kayan aiki suna ba da ingantaccen sakamako
Yana daidaita farar batu, gamma, da martanin launi
Ƙirƙirar bayanin martabar ICC wanda tsarin sarrafa launi ke amfani da shi
Ya kamata a yi akai-akai yayin da nunin ya canza akan lokaci
Nunin ƙwararru galibi suna da fasalulluka na daidaita kayan aiki

Aiki tare da Wuraren Launin Kamara

Kyamarorin dijital suna ɗaukar hotuna a cikin wuraren launi nasu, waɗanda aka canza su zuwa daidaitattun wurare kamar sRGB ko Adobe RGB. Fahimtar wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci don ingantacciyar aikin daukar hoto.

Kowace kamara tana da firikwensin firikwensin da ke da halayen amsa kalar sa. Masana’antun kamara suna haɓaka algorithms na mallaka don aiwatar da ɗanyen bayanan firikwensin zuwa daidaitattun wurare masu launi. Lokacin harbi a cikin tsarin RAW, kuna da ƙarin iko akan wannan tsarin jujjuyawar, yana ba da izinin sarrafa launi daidai.

Fayilolin RAW sun ƙunshi duk bayanan launi da firikwensin ya kama
Ana canza fayilolin JPEG zuwa sRGB ko Adobe RGB a cikin kyamara
Bayanan martaba na kamara na iya siffanta takamaiman martanin launi na kamara
Faɗin wuraren aiki na gamut suna adana mafi yawan bayanan kamara
Bayanan Bayanan Launi na DNG (DCP) suna ba da cikakkun bayanan launi na kamara

Abubuwan Launuka Mai Amintaccen Yanar Gizo

Yayin da masu binciken gidan yanar gizo na zamani ke tallafawa sarrafa launi, yawancin nuni da na’urori ba sa. Ƙirƙirar abun ciki na gidan yanar gizo wanda yayi kama da daidaito a duk na’urori yana buƙatar fahimtar waɗannan iyakoki.

Dandalin yanar gizon yana motsawa zuwa mafi kyawun sarrafa launi, tare da CSS Color Module Level 4 yana ƙara goyon baya don ƙayyadaddun sararin samaniya. Koyaya, don iyakar dacewa, har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da iyakoki na sRGB da samar da koma baya masu dacewa don abun ciki mai faɗin gamut.

sRGB ya kasance mafi aminci zaɓi don dacewa da duniya
Saka bayanan martaba masu launi a cikin hotuna don masu binciken da ke goyan bayan sa
Module Launi na CSS Level 4 yana ƙara takamaiman sarari launi
Haɓakawa na ci gaba don nunin gamut mai faɗi yana yiwuwa
Yi la’akari da yin amfani da tambayoyin @media don gano nunin gamut mai faɗi

Print Production Gudun Aiki

Ƙwararrun bugu na aiki yana buƙatar kulawa da sararin launi mai hankali daga kamawa zuwa fitarwa ta ƙarshe. Canji daga RGB zuwa CMYK mataki ne mai mahimmanci wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi daidai.

Buga kasuwanci yana amfani da daidaitattun wuraren launi na CMYK dangane da takamaiman yanayin bugu. Waɗannan ƙa’idodi suna tabbatar da ingantaccen sakamako a cikin masu samarwa da latsawa daban-daban. Masu ƙira suna buƙatar fahimtar abin da sararin launi na CMYK da firinta ke amfani da shi kuma haɗa wannan ilimin a cikin aikin su.

Tauhidi mai laushi yana kwaikwayar fitarwa da aka buga akan allo
Bayanan martaba na ɗab’i suna nuna takamaiman na’ura da haɗin takarda
Ƙididdigar ƙaddamarwa ta ƙayyade tsarin taswirar gamut
Bakin batu diyya yana adana cikakken inuwa
Tabbataccen kwafin yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi kafin samarwa ta ƙarshe

Girman Launi na Bidiyo

Samar da bidiyo ya ƙunshi hadaddun la’akarin sararin launi, musamman tare da haɓakar HDR da tsarin gamut mai faɗi. Fahimtar cikakken bututun daga kamawa zuwa bayarwa yana da mahimmanci.

Samar da bidiyo na zamani sau da yawa yana amfani da Tsarin Rubutun Launi na Kwalejin (ACES) azaman daidaitaccen tsarin sarrafa launi. ACES yana ba da wurin aiki gama gari don duk fim ɗin ba tare da la’akari da kyamarar da aka yi amfani da ita ba, yana sauƙaƙe tsarin daidaita hotuna daga tushe daban-daban da shirya abun ciki don nau’ikan isarwa da yawa.

Tsarin log ɗin yana adana matsakaicin iyaka mai ƙarfi daga kyamarori
Wuraren aiki kamar ACES suna ba da daidaitaccen sarrafa launi
Matsayin HDR sun haɗa da ayyukan canja wurin PQ da HLG
Tsarin bayarwa na iya buƙatar nau’ikan sarari masu launi da yawa
LUTs (Duba Tebura) suna taimakawa daidaita canjin launi

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi Game da Wuraren Launi

Menene bambanci tsakanin samfurin launi da sarari launi?

Samfurin launi wani tsari ne na ka’idar don wakiltar launuka ta amfani da ƙimar lambobi (kamar RGB ko CMYK), yayin da sararin launi shine takamaiman aiwatar da samfurin launi tare da ma’auni. Misali, RGB samfurin launi ne, yayin da sRGB da Adobe RGB takamaiman wuraren launi ne bisa tsarin RGB, kowannensu yana da gamut da halaye daban-daban. Yi la’akari da samfurin launi azaman tsarin gabaɗaya (kamar kwatanta wurare ta amfani da latitude/longitude) da sarari launi azaman takamaiman taswira na wannan tsarin (kamar cikakken taswirar yanki na musamman tare da daidaitawa daidai).

Me yasa fitowar da nake bugawa ta bambanta da abin da nake gani akan allo?

Abubuwa da yawa suna haifar da wannan bambance-bambance: masu saka idanu suna amfani da launi na RGB (ƙari) yayin da masu bugawa suna amfani da launi na CMYK (mai rahusa); nuni yawanci suna da gamut mai faɗi fiye da abin da aka buga; fuska suna fitar da haske yayin da bugu ke nuna shi; kuma ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa launi ba, babu fassarar tsakanin waɗannan wurare masu launi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, nau’in takarda yana tasiri sosai yadda launuka ke fitowa a cikin bugawa, tare da takaddun da ba a rufe ba yawanci suna samar da ƙarancin launi fiye da takarda masu sheki. Ƙimar mai saka idanu da yin amfani da bayanan martaba na ICC don takamaiman firinta da haɗin takarda na iya rage waɗannan bambance-bambance sosai, kodayake wasu bambance-bambance koyaushe za su kasance saboda bambance-bambancen zahiri na zahiri tsakanin nunin haske da kwafi mai nuna haske.

Shin zan yi amfani da sRGB, Adobe RGB, ko ProPhoto RGB don daukar hoto?

Ya dogara da aikin ku da buƙatun fitarwa. sRGB ya fi dacewa don hotunan da aka ƙaddara don gidan yanar gizo ko kallon gaba ɗaya akan fuska. Adobe RGB yana da kyau don aikin bugawa, yana ba da gamut mai faɗi wanda ya fi dacewa da ƙarfin bugawa. ProPhoto RGB shine manufa don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ayyukan aiki inda matsakaicin adana bayanan launi yana da mahimmanci, musamman lokacin aiki tare da fayilolin RAW a cikin yanayin 16-bit. Yawancin masu daukar hoto suna amfani da hanyar haɗin gwiwa: gyara a cikin ProPhoto RGB ko Adobe RGB, sannan suna juyawa zuwa sRGB don raba yanar gizo. Idan kuna yin harbi a tsarin JPEG a cikin kyamara, Adobe RGB gabaɗaya shine mafi kyawun zaɓi fiye da sRGB idan kyamarar ku tana goyan bayan ta, saboda tana adana ƙarin bayanin launi don gyarawa daga baya. Koyaya, idan kun harba RAW (an shawarta don matsakaicin inganci), saitin sararin samaniyar kyamara yana shafar samfotin JPEG kawai ba ainihin bayanan RAW ba.

Me zai faru lokacin da launuka ke wajen gamut sarari?

Lokacin canzawa tsakanin wuraren launi, launukan da suka faɗi a waje da gamut ɗin sararin samaniya dole ne a sake taswira su ta amfani da tsari da ake kira taswirar gamut. Ana sarrafa wannan ta hanyar yin niyya: Ma’anar fahimta tana adana alaƙar gani tsakanin launuka ta hanyar matsawa gabaɗayan gamut; Dangantaka Colorimetric yana kula da launuka waɗanda ke cikin duka gamuts da shirye-shiryen bidiyo daga launukan gamut zuwa mafi kusancin launi da za a iya fitarwa; Cikakken Colorimetric yana da kama amma kuma yana daidaitawa don farar takarda; kuma jikewa yana ba da fifikon kiyaye launuka masu haske akan daidaito. Zaɓin yin niyya ya dogara da abun ciki da abubuwan fifikonku. Don hotuna, Perceptual sau da yawa yana samar da mafi kyawun sakamako. Don zane-zane tare da takamaiman launuka iri, Relative Colorimetric yawanci yana aiki mafi kyau don adana ainihin launuka inda zai yiwu. Tsarin kula da launi na zamani na iya nuna muku waɗanne launuka ne ba su dace ba kafin juyawa, yana ba ku damar yin gyare-gyare ga launuka masu mahimmanci.

Yaya mahimmancin saka idanu don sarrafa launi?

Kulawa da daidaitawa shine tushen kowane tsarin sarrafa launi. Ba tare da ingantattun nuni ba, kuna yin shawarwarin gyarawa bisa rashin ingantattun bayanan launi. Calibration yana daidaita duban ku zuwa sananne, daidaitaccen yanayi ta saita farar batu (yawanci D65/6500K), gamma (yawanci 2.2), da haske (yawanci 80-120 cd/m²), kuma yana ƙirƙirar bayanin martabar ICC wanda aikace-aikacen sarrafa launi ke amfani da shi don nuna launuka daidai. Don aikin ƙwararru, na’urar daidaita kayan aiki yana da mahimmanci kuma ya kamata a yi gyara kowane wata. Ko da mabukaci masu launi na iya haɓaka daidaiton launi sosai idan aka kwatanta da nunin da ba a iya kwatantawa ba. Bayan daidaitawa, yanayin aikin ku yana da mahimmanci – bangon launin toka mai tsaka-tsaki, hasken wuta mai sarrafawa, da guje wa hasken kai tsaye akan allon duk suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen fahimtar launi. Don aikin launi mai mahimmanci, yi la’akari da saka hannun jari a cikin ƙwararren mai saka idanu mai faɗin gamut, damar daidaita kayan masarufi, da murfi don toshe hasken yanayi.

Wane sarari launi zan yi amfani da shi don ƙirar gidan yanar gizo da haɓakawa?

sRGB ya kasance ma’auni na abun ciki na gidan yanar gizo saboda yana tabbatar da mafi daidaiton gogewa a cikin na’urori da masu bincike daban-daban. Yayin da masu bincike na zamani ke ƙara tallafawa sarrafa launi da gamut masu yawa, yawancin na’urori da masu bincike har yanzu ba su yi ba. Don ayyukan neman gaba, zaku iya aiwatar da haɓaka haɓakawa ta hanyar amfani da sRGB azaman tushen tushe yayin samar da kadarori masu fa’ida (ta amfani da fasalulluka na CSS Color Module Level 4 ko hotuna masu alama) don na’urorin da ke goyan bayan su. CSS Launi Module Level 4 yana gabatar da tallafi don nuni-p3, prophoto-rgb, da sauran wurare masu launi ta hanyar ayyuka kamar launi (nuni-p3 1 0.5 0), ƙyale masu zanen yanar gizo su yi niyya ga nunin gamut mai faɗi ba tare da sadaukar da dacewa ba. Don iyakar dacewa tare da tsofaffin masu bincike, kula da sigar sRGB na duk kadarorin kuma yi amfani da gano fasalin don ba da abun ciki mai faɗin gamut kawai ga na’urori masu jituwa. Koyaushe gwada ƙirar ku a cikin na’urori da masu bincike da yawa don tabbatar da ingantaccen bayyanar ga duk masu amfani.

Ta yaya wuraren launi ke shafar matsawar hoto da girman fayil?

Wuraren launi suna tasiri sosai da matsawar hoto da girman fayil. Canzawa daga RGB zuwa YCbCr (a cikin matsawa na JPEG) yana ba da damar yin amfani da chroma, wanda ke rage girman fayil ta adana bayanan launi a ƙaramin ƙuduri fiye da bayanin haske, yin amfani da mafi girman hankalin idon ɗan adam ga cikakken haske. Faɗin-gamut sarari kamar ProPhoto RGB yana buƙatar zurfin zurfin bit (16-bit vs. 8-bit) don guje wa bandeji, yana haifar da manyan fayiloli. Lokacin adanawa a cikin nau’ikan kamar PNG waɗanda ba sa amfani da chroma subsampling, sararin launi da kansa ba ya tasiri girman fayil sosai, amma zurfin zurfin zurfi yana yi. Fayilolin JPEG da aka adana a cikin Adobe RGB ko ProPhoto RGB ba sa amfani da ma’adana fiye da nau’ikan sRGB a saitin inganci iri ɗaya, amma dole ne su haɗa da bayanin martaba mai launi don nunawa daidai, ƙara ɗan ƙaramin girman fayil ɗin. Don matsakaicin ƙarfin matsi a cikin tsarin isarwa, juyawa zuwa 8-bit sRGB ko YCbCr tare da samfurin da ya dace yana ba da mafi kyawun ma’auni na girman fayil da ingancin bayyane.

Menene alakar dake tsakanin wuraren launi da zurfin zurfafa?

Zurfin bit da sararin launi ra’ayoyi ne masu alaƙa waɗanda ke shafar ingancin hoto. Zurfin Bit yana nufin adadin ragowa da aka yi amfani da su don wakiltar kowane tashoshi launi, yana ƙayyadaddun ƙima daban-daban na launi daban-daban waɗanda za a iya wakilta. Yayin da sararin launi ke ma’anar kewayon launuka (gamut), zurfin bit yana ƙayyade yadda za’a raba kewayon daidai. Faɗin wurare masu launi gamut kamar ProPhoto RGB yawanci suna buƙatar zurfin zurfin bit don guje wa haɗawa da sakawa. Wannan saboda adadin mabambantan dabi’u dole ne ya shimfiɗa a cikin kewayon launi mafi girma, ƙirƙirar “matakai” mafi girma tsakanin launuka masu kusa. Misali, 8-bit encoding yana samar da matakan 256 akan kowane tashoshi, wanda gabaɗaya ya isa ga sRGB amma bai isa ba don ProPhoto RGB. Shi ya sa ƙwararrun ayyukan aiki sukan yi amfani da 16-bit a kowane tashoshi (matakan 65,536) lokacin aiki a cikin sararin gamut mai faɗi. Hakazalika, abun ciki na HDR yana buƙatar zurfin zurfin bit (10-bit ko 12-bit) don wakiltar kewayon haske mai kyau. Haɗin sararin launi da zurfin bit tare yana ƙayyade adadin adadin launuka daban-daban waɗanda za a iya wakilta a cikin hoto.

Jagorar Launi na Jagora a cikin Ayyukanku

Ko kai mai daukar hoto ne, mai tsarawa, ko mai haɓakawa, fahimtar wuraren launi yana da mahimmanci don samar da ingantaccen aiki na ƙwararru. Aiwatar da waɗannan ra’ayoyin don tabbatar da launukanku sun yi daidai a duk kafofin watsa labarai.

Kwatanta Wuraren Launi Duba Jagoran Ayyuka