Sukuvi ƒe Mɔfiamegbalẽ si Ku Ðe Nuŋlɔɖiwo Trɔtrɔ Ŋu

Nya siwo sukuviwo doa goe zi geɖe dometɔ ɖekae nye formatting loss ne wole tɔtrɔm le nuŋlɔɖi ƒe nɔnɔme vovovowo dome. Nu sesẽwo abe atsyã siwo wowɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu, sɔtiwo, nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe aɖakawo, kple dometsotso tɔxɛwo ate ŋu atrɔ alo abu keŋkeŋ.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Zã tɔtrɔmɔ si le tẽ wu ɖesiaɖe si nàte ŋui le nɔnɔme siwo sɔ dome ɣesiaɣi. Le nuŋlɔɖi veviwo gome la, wɔ tɔtrɔ dodokpɔ kple kpɔɖeŋu axa be nàlé ŋku ɖe ɖoɖowɔwɔ ƒe kuxiwo ŋu hafi nàtrɔ nuŋlɔɖi bliboa. Ne èle sukudɔ veviwo abe dɔdasi ƒe tawo alo agbalẽ mamlɛawo ene ɖom ɖa la, bu PDF wɔwɔ tso wò nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa me tẽ tsɔ wu be nàto domedome nɔnɔmewo me.

Zi geɖe la, STEM sukuviwo doa go kuxiwo le akɔntabubu ƒe sɔsɔŋuɖoɖowo ŋu, siwo ate ŋu atrɔ abe nɔnɔmetatawo ene, woƒe nɔnɔme manɔ nyuie o, alo womate ŋu axlẽ wo kura le tɔtrɔ megbe o.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Le nuŋlɔɖi siwo me akɔntabubu kpekpe le gome la, zã equation editors tsɔ wu be nàŋlɔ dzesiwo kple asi, eye nàbu LaTeX zazã ŋu na akɔntabubu me nya sesẽwo. Ne èle tɔtrɔm tso Word me la, zã “PDF/A” dzidzenu si kpɔa akɔntabubu ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ ta nyuie wu. Le nuwɔwɔ aduadu ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si bia sɔsɔŋuɖoɖo siwo woate ŋu atrɔ asi le gome la, bu MathML alo nɔnɔme tɔxɛ siwo léa sɔsɔŋuɖoɖo ƒe ɖɔɖɔɖo me ɖe asi zazã ŋu.

Agbalẽwo ƒe xexlẽdzesiwo me nyawo, nyayɔyɔwo, kple cross-references ate ŋu agbã le tɔtrɔɣi, vevietɔ ne wole ʋuʋum le nyawo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ vovovowo dome alo yi PDF ƒe nɔnɔmewo me.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Wu nyayɔyɔwo katã nu eye nàwɔ nufiamedzikpɔkpɔ ƒe yeye ɖesiaɖe hafi nàtrɔe. Bu “flatning” dynamic citations ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ gbadzaa me hena dɔdɔ mamlɛtɔ ƒe gɔmeɖeɖewo. Le sukugbalẽ veviwo gome la, tsɔ asi lé ŋku ɖe nusiwo katã ŋu woƒo nu tsoe ŋu le tɔtrɔ vɔ megbe be nàkpɔ egbɔ be wosɔ pɛpɛpɛ. Ne èle reference management software abe Zotero alo Mendeley ene zãm la, tsɔe yi nɔnɔme mamlɛtɔ me tẽ tso dɔwɔnu siawo me ne anya wɔ.

Tabla, nɔnɔmetata, nɔnɔmetata, kple xexlẽdzesi siwo gɔme sese sesẽ ate ŋu azu esiwo mesɔ o, atro, alo abu keŋkeŋ gɔ̃ hã le nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe tɔtrɔɣi.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Le nuŋlɔɖi siwo me nukpɔkpɔ veviwo le gome la, bu kplɔ̃ alo nɔnɔmetata sesẽwo ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo ƒe lolome deŋgɔ dede eme tsɔ wu be nàɖo ŋu ɖe nɔnɔme si wowɔ le wo ɖokui si ŋu. Ne èdi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyagbalẽwo alo dodokpɔxɔ ƒe nyatakakawo la, dzra nɔnɔmetatawo ɖo abe vektor nɔnɔmetata siwo le nyonyome nyuitɔ kekeake ene hafi nàtsɔ wo ade eme. Le tɔtrɔ megbe la, kpɔe ɖa be nukpɔkpɔ ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe dze abe alesi woɖoe ene, vevietɔ na sukudɔ si me nyatakakawo sɔ gbɔ ɖo le afisi nukpɔkpɔ ƒe nyateƒetoto le vevie le.

Zi geɖe la, sukugbalẽwo bia tanya/afɔti ƒe ɖoɖo tɔxɛwo kple axa ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo ate ŋu agbã le tɔtrɔɣi, vevietɔ ne akpa vovovowo bia xexlẽdzesiwo ƒe ɖoɖo vovovowo.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Le nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽwo kple nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽ siwo me akpawo ƒe xexlẽdzesi sesẽwo le gome la, trɔ akpa ɖesiaɖe ɖe vovo eye emegbe nàƒo wo nu ƒu. Kpɔ akpa ɖesiaɖe ƒe axa gbãtɔ kple mamlɛtɔ ɣesiaɣi le tɔtrɔ vɔ megbe be nàkpɔe ɖa be tanyawo/afɔtiwo dze nyuie hã. Le nuŋlɔɖi siwo ŋu axadzidzedze ƒe nudidi tɔxɛwo le gome la, bu axa ƒe xexlẽdzesiwo tsɔtsɔ kpe ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu abe tɔtrɔ mamlɛtɔ ƒe akpa aɖe ene tsɔ wu be nàɖo ŋu ɖe xexlẽdzesiwo nana le wo ɖokui si ŋu.

Zi geɖe la, sukunuŋlɔɖiwo zãa ŋɔŋlɔdzesi tɔxɛ siwo ɖewohĩ womatrɔ nyuie o, si wɔnɛ be wotsɔa ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ɖoa wo teƒe siwo trɔa nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe dzedzeme eye woate ŋu akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe gɔmesese dzi.

Ŋuɖoɖo: De ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo eme ɣesiaɣi ne èle tɔtrɔm ɖe PDF ƒe nɔnɔme me. Le nuŋlɔɖi siwo zãa ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo mebɔ o gome la, bu ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo wowɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu tɔtrɔ wòazu fliwo alo nɔnɔmetatawo ŋu, vevietɔ na tanya ƒe axawo alo tanya veviwo. Ne ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ le vevie ŋutɔ, abe le aɖaŋuwɔwɔ ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒewo alo gbeŋutisegbalẽwo me ene la, trɔ ɖe nɔnɔme siwo léa ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo ƒe tsɔtsɔ de eme abe PDF/A ene ŋu alo nàŋlɔ nuŋlɔɖi aɖe tso ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo hiã ŋu ɖe eme.

Nuŋlɔɖi siwo wogbugbɔ trɔ, vevietɔ PDF siwo me nɔnɔmetata siwo ƒe lolome deŋgɔ alo nyatakaka siwo woɖe le scan me le, ate ŋu agbɔ seɖoƒe si woɖo na wo ɖoɖoɖa ƒe lolome na nusɔsrɔ̃dzikpɔkpɔ ƒe ɖoɖowo alo e-mail ƒe kpeɖeŋutɔwo.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Zã tɔtrɔ ƒe tiatia siwo ana faɛl ƒe lolome nanyo ɖe edzi, abe nɔnɔmetata ƒe lolome dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ va ɖo afisi sɔ (zi geɖe la, 300dpi sɔ gbɔ na sukudɔdasiwo). Ne èdi be yeaɖoe ɖe dijitaal nudzraɖoƒewo alo internet dzi nyatakakadzraɖoƒe siwo ƒe lolome ƒe seɖoƒe sesẽwo le la, di “si ƒe lolome dzi ɖe kpɔtɔ” alo “web optimized” ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe tiatia. Da sɔ le nyonyome ƒe nudidiwo kple faɛl ƒe lolome ƒe mɔxenuwo ŋu le sukudede ƒe taɖodzinua nu.

Nuŋlɔɖiwo tɔtrɔ esime wole nusiwo woate ŋu akpɔ abe screen reader ƒe sɔsɔ, nuŋɔŋlɔ bubuwo, kple tanyawo ƒe ɖoɖo nyuitɔ ene me ɖe asi le vevie ŋutɔ gake zi geɖe la, sukuviwo ŋea aɖaba ƒua edzi.

Ŋuɖoɖo: Zã nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe ɖoɖowɔwɔ dɔwɔnuwo abe tanyawo ƒe atsyãwo, emenyawo ƒe dzidzime, kple alt nuŋɔŋlɔ na nɔnɔmetatawo hafi nàtrɔ wo. Ne èle PDF wɔm la, zã “Tagged PDF” ƒe tiatia nàtsɔ akpɔ nuŋlɔɖi ƒe ɖoɖo ta hena mɔɖeɖe ɖe eŋu. Le nusiwo woama le mɔ gbadza nu gome la, wɔ mɔnukpɔkpɔ ƒe dodokpɔ le tɔtrɔ megbe eye nàɖɔ nya ɖesiaɖe ɖo, vevietɔ na hehenana nu siwo wòle be woaɖo mɔnukpɔkpɔ ƒe dzidzenuwo gbɔ.

Zi geɖe la, PDF (Portable Document Format) ye nyea mɔnu si ŋu kakaɖedzi le wu na sukudɔdasiwo ɖoɖo ɖa mamlɛtɔ, elabena ekpɔa nuŋɔŋlɔ, ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo, kple ɖoɖowɔwɔ ta le mɔ̃wo kple mɔ̃wo katã dzi. PDF nuŋlɔɖiwo dzena ɖeka eɖanye nukpɔla la ƒe dɔwɔɖoɖo alo kɔmpiutadziɖoɖo ka kee o, si wɔnɛ be wò dɔa le abe alesi nèɖoe ene pɛpɛpɛ. Gake lé ŋku ɖe wò nufiala ƒe nudidi tɔxɛwo ŋu ɣesiaɣi, elabena ame aɖewo ate ŋu abia be woawɔ ɖoɖo siwo woate ŋu atrɔ asi le abe DOCX ene hena nyaŋuɖoɖo kple nyaŋuɖoɖo alo nɔnɔme tɔxɛwo na dɔdasi siwo hiã nu tɔxɛwo.

Be nàtrɔ PDF ake wòazu Word nuŋlɔɖi si woate ŋu atrɔ asi le la, tiatia geɖe le asiwò. Microsoft Word ƒe egbegbe tɔtrɔwo ate ŋu aʋu PDF faɛlwo tẽ eye woatrɔ wo woazu Word nuŋlɔɖi siwo woate ŋu atrɔ asi le, togbɔ be ɖewohĩ ɖoɖo sesẽwo matsɔ wo ayi teƒe bubu bliboe o hã. PDF-to-Word ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe mɔnu sesẽ aɖe le Adobe Acrobat Pro me si zi geɖe la, enaa nu nyuiwo dona tso eme, vevietɔ na nuŋlɔɖi sesẽwo. Internet dzi tɔtrɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe gbogbo aɖewo hã li, togbɔ be kpɔ nyuie le sukunyatakaka veviwo dada ɖe ame bubuwo ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒewo ŋu hã. Le PDF siwo me nuŋɔŋlɔ akpa gãtɔ le gome la, zi geɖe la, tɔtrɔa wɔa dɔ nyuie, gake nuŋlɔɖi siwo ƒe ɖoɖo sesẽwo, kplɔ̃wo, alo akɔntabubu ƒe sɔsɔŋuɖoɖowo ate ŋu abia be woagbugbɔ asi awɔ ɖoɖo aɖewo le tɔtrɔ megbe.

Nyayɔyɔ kple agbalẽwo ƒe xexlẽdzesiwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ate ŋu anye kuxi le nɔnɔmewo dome. Dynamic citations siwo wowɔ kple reference management software (abe EndNote, Zotero, alo Mendeley ene) ateŋu atrɔ azu static text ne wole formats trɔm, si ana woƒe dynamic linking nabu. Ne èle sukugbalẽ veviwo trɔm la, trɔ asi le nyayɔyɔwo katã ŋu le wò nufiamedzikpɔkpɔ ƒe kɔmpiutadziɖoɖoa me gbã, emegbe nàtrɔ asi le eŋu kple plugin siwo sɔ siwo léa nyayɔyɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ me ɖe asi alo nàlɔ̃ ɖe edzi be nyayɔyɔwo ava zu nuŋɔŋlɔ si meʋãna o. Ne ètrɔ asi le eŋu vɔ la, tsɔ asi kpɔe ɖa ɣesiaɣi be nyayɔyɔwo kple agbalẽwo ƒe xexlẽdzesiwo katã trɔ nyuie hã, eye nàlé ŋku ɖe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi tɔxɛwo, nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo woŋlɔ kple asi, kple ɖoɖo si wowɔ koŋ na wò nyayɔyɔ ƒe atsyã (APA, MLA, Chicago, kple bubuawo) ŋu etɔxɛe.

Nuŋlɔɖi siwo ŋu wotrɔ asi le siwo ŋu woate ŋu ake ɖo wɔwɔ bia be woalé ŋku ɖe nu vevi geɖe ŋu. Dze egɔme kple nuŋlɔɖi ƒe ɖoɖo nyuitɔ zazã le wò faɛl gbãtɔ me, si me tanyawo ƒe atsyãwo, nuŋɔŋlɔ bubuwo na nɔnɔmetatawo, kplɔ̃ ƒe tanyawo, kple kadodo ŋuti nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo ɖɔa nu. Ne èle tɔtrɔm ɖe PDF ŋu la, zã “Tagged PDF” tiatia, si kpɔa nuŋlɔɖi ƒe wɔwɔme ta na screen readers. Ne ètrɔ asi le eŋu vɔ la, zã mɔ̃ siwo léa ŋku ɖe mɔɖeɖe ɖe nu ŋu (siwo wotu ɖe Adobe Acrobat, Microsoft Office, kple dɔwɔnu bubuwo me) nàtsɔ ade dzesi kuxiwo ahaɖɔ wo ɖo. Be nàte ŋu akpɔe nyuie wu la, bu nuŋlɔɖi veviwo ƒe nɔnɔme ƒe tiatia vovovowo nana ŋu: PDF si wode dzesii nyuie na ezãla akpa gãtɔ, HTML na nyatakakadzraɖoƒe, kple ɖewohĩ nuŋɔŋlɔ gbadzaa be wòawɔ ɖeka kple kpekpeɖeŋu mɔ̃ɖaŋununya tɔxɛwo.

Agbalẽ didiwo abe nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽwo kple nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽwo ene tɔtrɔ bia beléle tɔxɛ. Gbã la, kpɔ egbɔ be yewɔ ɖoɖo ɖe yeƒe nuŋlɔɖia ŋu nyuie to atsyã siwo mewɔa tɔtrɔ o zazã me na tanyawo, nuŋɔŋlɔwo, kple nu bubuwo. Le nuŋlɔɖi gãwo ŋutɔ gome la, bu ta ɖesiaɖe tɔtrɔ ŋu eye emegbe nàtsɔ emetsonuwo aƒo ƒui be nàxe mɔ ɖe kɔmpiutadziɖoɖowo ƒe gbagbã alo ŋkuɖodzinyawo ƒe kuxiwo nu. Wɔ wò faɛl gbãtɔwo ƒe kɔpi hafi nàdze tɔtrɔ ɖesiaɖe gɔme. Zã tɔtrɔmɔ siwo dzi nàto tẽ tsɔ wu be nàto nɔnɔme vovovowo me, si ate ŋu ana nuŋɔŋlɔ ƒe nyawo nadzi ɖe edzi. Le dzimetɔtrɔ vɔ megbe la, lé ŋku ɖe nu vevi siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye axadzidzedze, emenyawo ƒe kadodowo, cross-references, xexlẽdzesiwo, kplɔ̃wo, kple agbalẽwo ƒe xexlẽdzesiwo ƒe ɖoɖo ŋu nyuie. Mɔfiame kple dɔwɔnu tɔxɛwo le yunivɛsiti geɖe si ku ɖe elektrɔnik dɔdasi kple nusɔsrɔ̃gbalẽ (ETD) ɖoɖo ɖe amewo ŋu, eyata kpɔ wò sukunuwuwu suku ƒe dɔwɔnuwo hena nudidi siwo ku ɖe ɖoɖo tɔxɛwo ŋu.

Be woatrɔ nusrɔ̃gbalẽ ƒe axa siwo woɖe scan la woazu nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo woate ŋu atrɔ asi le la bia mɔ̃ɖaŋununya si woyɔna be Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Be nàkpɔ nu nyuitɔ kekeake la, kpɔ egbɔ be wò scan-awo me kɔ, woƒe nɔnɔme deŋgɔ (300 DPI ya teti), eye wole ɖoɖo nu nyuie. Adobe Acrobat Pro na OCR ŋutete sesẽwo hena PDF siwo woɖe scan la tɔtrɔ ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ siwo woate ŋu adi, siwo woate ŋu atrɔ asi le me. Nu bubu siwo woate ŋu azã femaxee dometɔ aɖewoe nye Google Drive (tsɔ scan la da ɖe Internet dzi, emegbe nàʋui kple Google Docs be wòaʋu OCR) kple Microsoft OneNote (si ate ŋu aɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ tso nɔnɔmetatawo me). Le sukunusɔsrɔ̃ siwo ƒe ɖoɖo sesẽ, sɔsɔŋusẽ, alo sɔti geɖe gome la, àte ŋu ahiã OCR kɔmpiuta dɔwɔɖoɖo tɔxɛ aɖe. Le OCR ƒe dɔwɔwɔ vɔ megbe la, xlẽ nuŋɔŋlɔ si wogbugbɔ trɔ la nyuie ɣesiaɣi, elabena vodadawo bɔ ɖe akɔntabubu ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔ, nyagbɔgblɔ tɔxɛwo, kple kplɔ̃wo me.

Ẽ, mɔ geɖe li siwo dzi woato atrɔ nuŋlɔɖiwo evɔ màde kɔmpiutadziɖoɖo bubuwo eme o. Office suites siwo wotu ɖe alilikpo dzi abe Google Workspace alo Microsoft Office Online ene naa tɔtrɔ ƒe ŋutete siwo wotu ɖe nɔnɔme siwo bɔ dome. Fifia nyatakakadzraɖoƒe geɖe ate ŋu aʋu PDF-wo tẽ ahata wo ɖe PDF dzi, si ana woate ŋu awɔ PDF veviwo. Internet dzi tɔtrɔdɔwɔƒewo ɖea mɔ na wò be nàda nuŋlɔɖi aɖe ɖe Internet dzi eye nàtrɔe ɖe nɔnɔme vovovowo me, togbɔ be bu nusiwo wògblẽna le ameŋunyatakakawo ta ŋu hafi nàda agbalẽnyanya veviwo ɖe Internet dzi hã. Le sukuviwo gome la, kpɔe ɖa be miaƒe yunivɛsitia naa mɔnukpɔkpɔ amewo be woakpɔ dzimetɔtrɔdɔwɔnuwo to nyatakakadzraɖoƒe siwo wotu ɖe nyatakakadzraɖoƒewo dzi alo kɔmpiutadziɖoɖo siwo wowɔna ŋutɔŋutɔ dzi hã. Zi geɖe la, egbɔkpɔnu siawo siwo dɔwɔƒea nana la naa tɔtrɔ siwo ŋu kakaɖedzi le wu na sukunuŋlɔɖiwo esime wole ame ŋutɔ ƒe nyawo kple dedienɔnɔ me lém ɖe te.

Be nɔnɔmetata ƒe nyonyome nanɔ anyi le nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe tɔtrɔɣi la, dze egɔme kple nɔnɔmetata gbãtɔ siwo ƒe nɔnɔme deŋgɔ (300 DPI alo esi wu nenema na nuŋlɔɖi siwo ƒe nyonyome le agbalẽtata me). Ne anya wɔ la, zã vektor nɔnɔmetatawo na nɔnɔmetatawo, nɔnɔmetatawo, kple nɔnɔmetatawo, elabena esiawo dzidzena evɔ woƒe nyonyome mebu o. De nɔnɔmetatawo eme tsɔ wu be nàtsɔ wo aƒo ƒui be nàkpɔ egbɔ be wokpɔtɔ kple nuŋlɔɖia le tɔtrɔɣi. Ne èle tɔtrɔm ɖe PDF ŋu la, di nyonyome ƒe ɖoɖowo eye natia “High Quality Print” alo tiatia mawo tɔgbe na sukudɔ veviwo. Ƒo asa na tɔtrɔ ƒe tsatsam geɖe, elabena tɔtrɔ ɖesiaɖe ate ŋu agblẽ nɔnɔmetata ƒe nyonyome me. Le nuŋlɔɖi siwo me nɔnɔmetata geɖe le gome la, bu PDF/A ƒe nɔnɔme zazã ŋu, si wowɔ be woatsɔ adzra nu ɖo ɣeyiɣi didi eye wòdzraa nukpɔkpɔwo ɖo. Ne ètrɔe vɔ la, lé ŋku ɖe nɔnɔmetatawo kple xexlẽdzesiwo katã ŋu kple ŋku be woakpɔ egbɔ be woƒe lolome sɔ eye woƒe amadede sɔ pɛpɛpɛ hã.